veW/FS, FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Translation Series No. 1414 An introduction to food hygiene of the Anisakis larva. By Keiichi Oishi, Shigemi Oka and Seiichi Josho Original ti tl e: Anisakisu Yochu no Shokuhin Eiseigaku Josetsu. From: Anisakisu Yochu no Shokuhin Eiseigaku Josetsu, 1-113, 1969. Translated bY the Translation Bureau(NO) Foreign Languages Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C. 1970 270 pages typescri pt J 4 /4- DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY • OF- STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU . •2 BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS é éi I FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DES LANGUES DIVISION CANADA ÉTRA NG ÈRES TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - . EN Japanese English AUTHOR - AUTEUR OISHI, Keiichi; OKA, Shigemi; JOSHO, Seiichi ■■•• TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS An Introduction to Food Hygiene with Regard to the Anisakis Larva. Title in foreign language (transliterate foreign characters) Anisakisu Yochu no Shokuhin Eiseigaku Josetsu: RE,F5RENCE IN FOREIGN I,ANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHA,RACTERS. REFERENCE EN LANGUE ETRANGERE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET.TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTERES PHONÉTIQUES. Anisakisu Yochu no Shokuhin Eiseigaku Josetsu. gl› REFERENCE IN ENGLISH - RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS An Introduction to Food Hygiene with Regard to the Anisakis Larva PUBLISH ER - EDIT EUR - PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL Hakodate Shokuhin Kagaku Kenkyukai DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORIGINAL (Hakodate Food Science Research 1 - 113 Societ YEAR ISSUE NO. VOLUME PLACE OF PUBLICATION ANNEE NUMERO NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION k odate Ohtani 01 0 HanaK NOMBRE DE PAGES Womenls . Junior College, 51, Kameda DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES cho Hondori, Hakodate-shigai, 1969 270 Hokkaidv. REQUESTING DEPARTMENT Fisheries & Forestry TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. 5089 MIN ISTàRE-CLIENT NOTRE DOSSIER NO BRANCH OR DIVISION Biological Station TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) N .0. DIRECTION OU DIVISION TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) PERSON flEQUESTING Mr. N.P. Boyce, Nanaimo, B.C. DATE COMPLETED DEMANDE_PAR ACHEVÉ LE May.2, 1969 ' YOUR NUMBER VOTRE DOSSIER N ° 76918-14 • On:y DATE OF REQUEST 27.1.70 DATE DE LA DEMANDE T R C NON É.0 • îç t)C.il1 s,..tizincent 503.200-10-e (REV. 2/86) ) -""t DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT . TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DIVISION DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES CANADA CLIENT'S NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/BRANCI-1 CITY N° DU CLIENT MINISTERE DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE 769-18-14 Fisheries îf:' Forestry Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C. BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DATE N° DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) 5089 Japanese 1A.O. AN INTRODUCTION TO FOOD HYGIENE WITH REGARD TO THE ANISAKIS LARVA Keiichi -OISHI, Shigemi OKA and Seiichi JOSHO • (Department of Food Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University.) (Hakodate Ohtani Women's Junior College.) CONTENTS Introduction 1 0 im I. Classification and Morphology of Anisakis 3 \141 e.f.e > Significance of Anisakis Classification 3 o 0 . Ï•3 0 Morphology of the Subfamily Anisakinae 4 l2 0 0 F- (1) Adult • es•E 0 *4: (2) Larva .> ? radikY,) ILJ • in LLJ ee SOS-200-10-31 2 • Morphology of the Genus Anisakis 8 (1) Adult. (2) Larva. Summary 10 ' II. Life History and Ecology of Anisakis 12 Life History of Anisakis 12 Ecology of Anisakis 15 (1) Detection of Subfamily Anisakinae (Genus Anisakis) Larvae in Marine Pisces and Decapoda. (2) Distribution of Nematodes of the Genus Anisakis in Marine Mammals. (3) Distribution of Anisakis Larvae in Fish Bodies. I) Parasitic Conditions of the Larvae in Different Parts of Fish Bodies. In Parasitic Conditions of the Larvae in Fish Bodies of Different Ages. III) Parasitic Conditions of the Larvae for Different Fish Weights. IV) Parasitic Conditions of the Larvàe for Different Lèngths of Fish Body. (4) Monthly or Seasonal Distribution of Anisakis Larvae in Pisces. (5) Distribution of the Larvae in Pisces and Cephalopoda with Different Habitats. Summary 33 3 III. Anisakiasis . 35 Historical Background of Anisakiasis Research . 35 . Epidemiology of Anisakiasis 37 (1) GeOgraphical Conditions of Outbreaks. (2) Dependence of Outbreaks on Sex. (3) Dependence of Outbreaks on Age. (4) Distribution of Gastric and Intestinal Types. (5) Summary Of. Epidemiology. Clinic and Tathology of Anisakiasis 42 Clinic. PathologY. • Etiology. Diagnosis and Therapy of Anisakiasis 49 Diagnosis. Therapy. Summary • 54 IV. Experimehtal Anisakiasis 55 Significance of Experimental Anisakiasis 55 Mainly.Concerning the Localized Allergic Reaction 56 Mainly . Conàeiming the Conditions of.Larval Migration' into Host odies (Distribution and Detection of Larvae) Mainly COncerning the Factors of Both the Host and Parasite Sides - 74 Mainly Concerning the Clinical State of Animals with Anisakiasis Infection 79 4 Concerning Examples of Experiments in Other Countries 79 Summary 80 V. Food Hygienic Countermeasures Against Anisakis Larvae , 81 Resistance of Anisakis Larvae . ..... 81 (1) Resistance in Various Media. I) Salt Water. II) Bydrochloric Acid. III) Various Acids. IV) Various Alkalis. V) Various Nutriments. •VI) Various Seasonings. VII) Rearing Liquid, City Water, Distilled Water. VIII) Formalin. IX) Ethyl Alcohol. (2) Resistance to Various Temperatures. I) High Temperature. • II) Low Temperature. (3) Direct Killing Effect of Various Medicines • Methods of Collecting Anisakis Larvae 95 Summary 96 VI. Problems Remaining in Anisakis Research 98 . . Conclusion S 99 References 100 5 INTRODUCTION 1 It cannot be denied that there is a prevailing trend for parasitic diseases to become a concern of the past in our country,. This is because new anthelmintics or specific chemotherapeutants have been developed against those parasites such as ascarids or àncylostomas whose infections were wide- . spread before the war or even a while after the war, and in addition infection prophylaxis such as the improvement . of eating habits, use of washing liquid and pervasion of chemical fertilizer, etc. have become established with reasonable results. However, in recent years parasitic diseases caused by helminths other than ascarids or ancylostomas - for instance pinworms - has increased, and the countermeasures against parasitic diseases in our country are being reviewed in a new perspective and are raising new problems in the fields of clinical medicine and public hygienics. One of these is anisakiasis which is to be described below. Although anisakiasis may be new to the layman, it has taken much attention and become a major topic among medical or parasitological societies. Although this disease has been warned against many times in newspapers (1966, 1968), it appears that the hygienic countermeasures are not enough and recognition by the general 6 population is low. It had been an established theory until recent years at least . that a parasite whose proper hosts are originally various animals other than human beings does not have an infection ability towards man and does not demonstrate pathogenicity. Recently, the theory of visceral larva migrans proposed by Beaver et al. (1956) of the United States on the basis of research into symptoms shown when ascarids of dogs infest human bodies opened a new approach to the zoonosis problem. That is, they demonstrated in human body experiments using the eggs of mature ascarids of dogs the fact that various kinds of helminths of mammals other than man enter the human body which is an abnormal host, and continue parasitic phenomena temporarily without becoming mature, '? and there display varying pathogenicity and bring about clinically important diseases (fever, hepatomegaly, pneumonitis, eosinophilic leucocytes, blindness), and they also pointed out that there are many cases like these clinically. For example, it is known that 'human gnathostomiasis' or 'eosinophilic meningitis' may be caused in humans by the Consumption of freshwater fish or shellfish which are the intermediate host of Gnathostoma spinigerum in dogs and cats . and of Canton hemosite nematode in mice. Anisakiasis is a disease caused by certain kinds of 7 larvae of the genus Anisakis, family Ascaroidea which infest marine mammals, when they enter the human body perorally through marine fish or cuttlefish, and this disease is under- stood to be included in the above-mentioned visceral larva migrans. The existence of anisakiasis was confirmed by Van Thiel (1960, 1962) in Holland. It was given much atten- 2 tion in Northern Eurôpe a8 a disease which occurs among peoples with the habit of eating raw herrings in Northern Europe centered on Holland. In Japan it was Keizo Asami (1964, 1965) who confirmed anisakiasis. From then, research on Anisakis.was rapidly commenced and it was found that it • has been far more prevalent in'our country where there is a strong traditional habit of eating raw fish than in Holland (Oshima, 1968). There are many parasitic diseases caused by fish or shellfish already known, such as heterophyasis including clonorchis sinensis and metagonimiasis which are caused by - the consumption of freshwater or semi-freshwater fish, and the danger of eating raw freshwater fish is well known. On the other hand, although it is acknowledged that extremely large numbers of young helminth exist in marine fish (Hoshina, 1963), only one kind of tapeworm (Diplogonoporus grandis, Japanese double cord tapeworm) was suspected