Multiculturalism Policy Index: Immigrant Minority Policies Erin Tolley This paper has been prepared for Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka as part of the Multiculturalism Policy Index project. It has benefited from research compiled by Lisa Vanhala in 2004 and by Janique Dubois in 2006. © 2011 School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University at Kingston, Canada Publications Unit Robert Sutherland Hall 138 Union Street Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6 www.queensu.ca/sps/ All rights reserved. This pdf file can be freely downloaded, but if it is cited or circulated, proper credit should be given to the Multiculturalism Policy Index project, School of Policy Studies. Contents The Index Multiculturalism Policy Index for Immigrant Minorities, by Country, 1980–2010 ...............................3 Decision Rules for Ranking Multiculturalism Policies for Immigrant Minorities .......................................5 Evidence Australia .................................................................................................................................................9 Austria ..................................................................................................................................................14 Belgium ................................................................................................................................................18 Canada ..................................................................................................................................................23 Denmark ...............................................................................................................................................28 Finland ..................................................................................................................................................33 France ...................................................................................................................................................38 Germany ...............................................................................................................................................43 Greece ...................................................................................................................................................49 Ireland ...................................................................................................................................................54 Italy .......................................................................................................................................................60 Japan .....................................................................................................................................................65 Netherlands ...........................................................................................................................................69 New Zealand .........................................................................................................................................74 Norway .................................................................................................................................................78 Portugal ................................................................................................................................................81 Spain .....................................................................................................................................................86 Sweden .................................................................................................................................................91 iv Multiculturalism Policy Index: Immigrant Minority Policies Switzerland ...........................................................................................................................................96 United Kingdom .................................................................................................................................100 United States .......................................................................................................................................105 References ................................................................................................................................................. 111 Legislation Consulted ...............................................................................................................................126 Relevant Country Reports and Overviews ................................................................................................128 The Index Multiculturalism Policy Index for Immigrant Minorities, by Country, 1980–2010 Affirmation School Curriculum Media Exemptions Dual Citizenship Funding Ethnic Bilingual Education Affirmative Action TOTAL SCORE Groups 1980 2000 2010 1980 2000 2010 1980 2000 2010 1980 2000 2010 1980 2000 2010 1980 2000 2010 1980 2000 2010 1980 2000 2010 1980 2000 2010 Australia 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0 1 1 5 8 8 Austria 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.5 Belgium 0 1 1 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.5 1 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 1 1 3 5.5 Canada 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1 1 5 7.5 7.5 Denmark 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 Finland 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.5 6 France 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 Germany 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 1 1 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 2 2.5 Greece 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.5 Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1 1 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 1 1.5 3 Italy 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1 Japan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1 0 0 1 0 2.5 5.5 2 New Zealand 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 0 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 0 0 0 2.5 5 5.5 Norway 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0 0 3.5 Portugal 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3.5 Spain 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 1 1 0 0 0.5 0 1 3.5 Sweden 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 5 7 Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 United Kingdom 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 2.5 5.5 5.5 The Index United States 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 3 3 3 Note: For explanation of how these policies are defined and measured, see section 2 of this report. 3 Decision Rules for Ranking Multiculturalism Policies for Immigrant Minorities In evaluating multiculturalism policies related to immigrant minorities, this paper uses eight indicators. These are described briefly below. For each indicator, policy documents, program guidelines, legislation, government news releases and secondary sources were examined to assess the extent to which a country has met or exceeded the standard outlined in the indicator. For each indicator, a quantitative score is provided (see Table 1), along with a qualitative assessment and relevant evidence (see pages 7–109). Note that the following decision rules guided the evaluation of each indicator. 1. CONSTITUTIONAL, legislative OR parliamentary affirmation OF multiculturalism at THE CENTRAL AND/OR REGIONAL AND municipal levels AND THE ExISTENCE OF A GOVERNMENT MINISTRy, secretariat or ADVISORy BOARD to IMPLEMENT THIS POLICy IN consultation WITH ethnic COMMUNITIES Yes: Country has affirmed multiculturalismand has an implementing body. Limited: Country has not affirmed multiculturalism explicitly, but has a relevant body; multicultural- ism may also have been affirmed in some municipalities, but not nationally. No: Country has not affirmed multiculturalism and does not have an implementing body. 2. THE ADOPTION OF multiculturalism IN SCHOOL CURRICULUM Yes: Country has included multiculturalism in its curriculum. Partially: Country has not formally or extensively adopted multiculturalism in its curriculum, but has engaged in rhetoric that supports such inclusion, implemented it in some districts, or developed inter- cultural or anti-racism education initiatives. No: Multiculturalism is not included in school curriculum. 3. THE INCLUSION OF ETHNIC representation/SENSITIVITy IN the mandate OF PUBLIC MEDIA OR MEDIA LICENSING Yes: Ethnic representation, inclusion, sensitivity or diversity is included in the mandate of public broadcaster or media licensing. No: Ethnic representation not mentioned in mandate of public broadcaster or media licensing. 6 Multiculturalism Policy Index: Immigrant Minority Policies 4. ExEMPTIONS FROM DRESS CODES (EITHER By statute OR court CASES) Yes: Country has granted exemptions or accommodations on religious grounds. Partially: Some exemptions have been granted, but others have been explicitly denied. No: Country does not grant exemptions or accommodations on religious grounds. Note: In an earlier version of the Index, the presence (or absence) of Sunday-closing legislation was evaluated as part of this indictor. Although a number of countries were found to have provisions that allow shops to open and close on days of their choosing, it was often not clear whether such policies were a response to multiculturalism, or other—often economic—considerations. As such, this measure has been excluded from this version of the Index. 5. ALLOWS DUAL CITIZENSHIP Yes: Dual citizenship is permitted;