UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA Dipartimento di Filosofia, Sociologia, Pedagogia e Psicologia applicata Corso di laurea Magistrale in Local Development THE MULTILEVEL ASYLUM SYSTEM POLICIES: THE ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH AFRICA EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT IN PADUA AND VENICE Relatore: Prof. MARIA CASTIGLIONI Laureando: OLDIAN METAJ Matricola: 1014540 Anno Accademico 2012/2013 INDEX INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................. 5 ASYLUM IN THE INTERNATIONAL AND IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LAW ................ 5 1.1 The history of the refugee protection: first part ...................................................................... 5 1.1.1 The history of the refugee protection: second part ............................................................ 7 1.1.2 The Geneva Convention .................................................................................................... 9 1.1.3 The principle of non refoulement .................................................................................... 11 1.2 Asylum in the European Union law ..................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 The creation of the Schengen area ................................................................................... 15 1.2.2 The Dublin Convention ................................................................................................... 16 1.2.3 From the Treaty of Maastricht to the Treaty of Amsterdam ........................................... 17 1.3 Towards a Single Asylum Space? ........................................................................................ 19 1.3.1 The Hague Programme .................................................................................................... 20 1.3.2 The legislation in the first stage of the Common European Asylum System .................. 20 1.3.3 The Green book and the Strategic Plan on Asylum......................................................... 22 1.3.4 The Treaty of Lisbon ....................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................... 27 ASYLUM LEGISLATION IN ITALY ...................................................................................... 27 2.1 The evolution of the Italian legislation ................................................................................. 29 2.1.1 From Martelli law to the Bossi – Fini law ....................................................................... 29 2.1.2 The transposition of EU directives into the Italian law ................................................... 37 2.1.3 The changes introduced by the „security package‟ .......................................................... 40 2.1.4 The push – back policy .................................................................................................... 42 2.2 The procedure for the recognition of International Protection ............................................. 45 2.2.1 The preliminary phase ..................................................................................................... 45 2.2.2 Reception and stay ........................................................................................................... 46 2.2.3 The examination of the application and the audition ...................................................... 48 2.2.4 The decisive phase and the appeal ................................................................................... 50 2.2.5 The content of the International Protection ..................................................................... 52 2.2.6 Termination and withdrawal of the International Protection status ................................ 54 1 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................... 57 REFUGEE ACEPTANCE IN ITALY ....................................................................................... 57 3.1 The articulation of the acceptance system ............................................................................ 59 3.1.1 The first phase of acceptance: the government centers ................................................... 59 3.1.2 The second phase of reception: the SPRAR .................................................................... 64 3.1.3 Access to SPRAR: characteristics and material conditions hospitality .......................... 68 3.1.4 The time of reception ....................................................................................................... 70 3.1.5 The services offered by SPRAR ...................................................................................... 71 3.1.6 Exiting from SPRAR ....................................................................................................... 72 3.1.7 The financing system ....................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................... 75 THE OUTBREAK OF THE UPRISING IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE NORTH AFRICA EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT IN ITALY ........................................................... 75 4.1 The Gaddafi policy ............................................................................................................... 76 4.1.1 Libya in the International community ............................................................................. 77 4.1.2 The outbreak of the revolt ............................................................................................... 78 4.2 The North Africa Emergency Management in Padua and Venice ....................................... 80 4.2.1 Normative aspects of the North Africa Emergency Management ................................... 80 4.2.2 Emergency management in the Veneto Region .............................................................. 82 4.2.3 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 83 4.3 Padua: Overall management of the emergency .................................................................... 81 4. 3.1 The Municipality of Padua as a Managing Institution ................................................... 85 4.3.2 Communication between the institutions ........................................................................ 87 4.3.4 Housing insertion ............................................................................................................. 88 4.4 Venice: Overall management of the emergency................................................................... 91 4.4.1 The role of support of the Municipality of Venice to the Managing Institutions ............ 93 4.4.2 Communication between the institutions ........................................................................ 93 4.4.3 Housing insertion ............................................................................................................. 94 4.5 Concluding remarks .............................................................................................................. 96 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 107 ONLINE BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................... 110 NORMATIVE REFERENCE .................................................................................................. 112 2 INTRODUCTION During the last fifteen years the phenomenon of asylum seekers and refugees had an increasing importance on the European area. This fact gave start to a process which is not yet concluded aimed to the uniformity of different national laws. Member States of the European Union were asked to prepare a regulatory system containing minimum common standard and shared procedures. Adherence to this path occurred in different forms and ways between State and State, entering in some cases in an already structured and existing system. The same migrations, however, are characterized by different cultural, historical and political dynamics, leading to different approaches and responses. The goal of this thesis is to give a multilevel analysis of the asylum system policies and to bring a concrete example of management interventions in favor of the asylum seekers through a field research. The thesis is divided in two parts: the first part analyzes in a multilevel perspective the asylum seeker and refugee‟s law and legislation starting from the international level until the Italian legislation. The second part describes the refugee acceptance in Italy and analyzes the North Africa Emergency management in Padua and a Venice. The first chapter describes the two historical phases of asylum in the International law, from the First World War to the formulation of the Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. The first phase is directly related to the post-war period of the Great