Great kivas as integrative architecture in the Silver Creek community, Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Herr, Sarah Alice, 1970- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 15:30:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278407 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, soms thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 1357281 Great kivas as integrative architecture in the Silver Creek community, Arizona Herr, Sarah Alice, M.A. The University of Arizona, 1994 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 GREAT KIVAS AS INTEGRATIVE ARCHITECTURE IN THE SILVER CREEK COMMUNITY, ARIZONA by Sarah Alice Herr A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTERS OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 9 4 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Q&X^Lk A APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: i Barbara J.I Mills Assistant Professor of Anthropology 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the help of many people, at all stages along the way. My tremendous gratitude to them all. Beth Grindell and Sharon Urban of the Arizona State Museum site files made available the computerized and paper site file records for Arizona's Great Kiva Sites. • Tim Seaman of the Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe provided me with a list of LA Numbers for Great Kiva sites in New Mexico, and his staff helped with questions as I used the paper files. Alan Ferg, of the Arizona State Museum archives located Emil Haury's notes on the ceramics of Tla Kii and made copies for me. TJ Ferguson spent many weekend and late night hours teaching me and helping me with the computer drafting program used to produce Figure 3.1. He also helped me figure out how to plot sites for which I only had UTM information. My committee Bill Longacre, Jeff Dean and Barbara Mills, have helped me immeasurably. They have suggested and loaned me readings, made suggestions as to format and content, and, in editing, made sure that what I wrote was what I really meant to say. I would especially like to thank Barbara Mills for giving me the opportunity to work at the University of Arizona field school and on the field school ceramics, for her editing of substantive and grammatical eccentricities, helping me plot site locations, and for just basically keeping me on track at all stages of this process. My thanks to all of them for their cooperation as the deadlines approached. Thanks to John Taylor, Becky McKim, Michelle Stevens, Ruth Van Dyke, and Trixi Bubemyre for helping me talk through problems and their general enthusiasm, friendship and support. Finally, thanks to my parents, Bruce and Ellen Herr, and my sister, Rachel for teaching me the value of education, always supporting my decisions along the way, and providing just enough parental pride. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7 ABSTRACT 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 9 Communal Architecture 11 The Community 13 Low-Level Integrative Architecture in the Southwest... 14 High-Level Integrative Architecture in the Southwest..15 The Great Kiva and Nonritual Integration 18 Changes in Integrative Architecture in the Southwest..19 Problem Statement 21 CHAPTER 2: GREAT KIVAS OF THE SILVER CREEK COMMUNITY 23 Defining the Silver Creek Community 23 Ceramic Dating 26 Silver Creek Great Kiva Sites: Temporal Variation 33 Silver Creek Great Kiva Sites: Spatial Variation 34 Silver Creek Great Kiva Sites: Formal Variation 35 CHAPTER 3: COMPARISONS AND CONCLUSIONS 38 Collecting Great Kivas 39 A Note on the Dates Assigned to Sites 4 0 A Model Great Kiva Chronology 42 Exploring the Great Kiva Data 49 Evaluation of the Model 62 The Silver Creek Community in the Larger Picture 65 Summary 73 Directions for Future Research 75 APPENDIX A: SITE DESCRIPTIONS 77 Pottery Hill 77 Silver Creek Great Kiva Sites Descriptions 90 AZ P: 16:20(ASM) 90 AZ P: 16:1(ASM) 91 AZ P: 16:153 (ASM) 92 AZ Q: 13:1 (ASU) 93 AZ P: 16:160(ASM) 94 AZ P: 16:112(ASM) 99 AZ P: 16:2(ASM) 105 AZ P: 16:90 (ASM) 109 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued AZ P:16:65 (ASM) 110 AZ P:16: 9 (ASM) Ill Carter Ranch 112 AZ P:11: 55 (ASU) 113 AZ P:11:124 (ASU) 114 AZ P:11:130(ASU) 114 AZ P:11:157 (ASU) 114 AZ P:12 :76 (ASU) 114 AZ P:12:99 (ASU) 115 AZ P:12:105 (ASU) 115 APPENDIX B: GREAT KIVA SITE DATA ,.116 Rio Grande 116 Eastern Puerco 116 Northern San Juan 116 San Juan 117 Little Colorado 119 West Central New Mexico 121 Gila River Drainage 122 Silver Creek Drainage 122 Provenience Unknown— New Mexico ....122 APPENDIX C: FIGURES OF GREAT KIVA DIAMETERS: BY REGION AND PERIOD 123 APPENDIX D: GREAT KIVA SITES AND REFERENCES 136 REFERENCES 142 6 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1, Silver Creek Great Kiva Sites 24 TABLE 2.2, Ceramic Dates by Collection Area 26 TABLE 2.3, Ceramic Production Dates 27 TABLE 2.4, Ceramic Groups for the Silver Creek Communities 31 TABLE 3.1, Chronologicial Periods used in this Study 41 TABLE 3.2, Beginning Dates of Great Kiva Sites: By Region 52 TABLE 3.3, End Dates of Great Kiva Sites: By Region 53 TABLE 3.4, Great Kiva Frequency by Component and Region...54 TABLE 3.5, Median Great Kiva Size by Component and Region 56 TABLE 3.6, Coefficient of Variation in Great Kiva Diameters: By Component and Region 57 TABLE 3.7, Roofing Data by Component: All Regions 61 TABLE 3.8, Roofed and Unroofed Great Kiva Sites 61 TABLE 3.9, Plaza Frequency by Component and Region 64 TABLE 3.10, Site Size by Temporal Component 67 TABLE 3.11, Ware Distribution by Collection Area 68 TABLE 3.12, Dimensions of Variability: The Silver Creek and Little Colorado Regions 71 7 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1, Side-by-side box plots of Silver Creek Great Kiva diameters (m) 36 FIGURE 3.1, Distribution of Great Kivas 50 8 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the relationship between circular great kiva sites in the Silver Creek area and counterparts in regions across the Southwest. Great kivas, as communal architecture, are important in community integration. Exploring their distribution through the variables of time, space and form helps us understand change in community integration. The patterns in the temporal and spatial distribution of the Silver Creek great kivas correspond to the patterning of these variables in the Upper Little Colorado region. The majority of Silver Creek great kivas appear in a period of westward population movement after A.D. 1000. The Silver Creek great kivas, do not, however, show the same range of formal variation. Since many of the changes in the Upper Little Colorado area are described as resolving problems of increasing population and aggregation, lower population densities in the Silver Creek area may explain the reduced formal variability of its great kivas. 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT In sedentary egalitarian societies, integrative mechanisms are important for maintaining internal community stability.