NOTES Introduction 1. Elías Tormo, Las viejas series icónicas de los reyes de España (Madrid: Blass y Cía, 1916 [1917]), p. 191. 2. Isabel Beceiro Pita and Ricardo Córdoba de la Llave, Parentesco, poder y mentalidad: la nobleza castellana, siglos xii–xv (Madrid: CSIC, 1990), pp. 68–71; Heath Dillard, Daughters of the Reconquest: Women in Castilian Town Society, 1100–1300 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 26–29. 3. See Bernard F. Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), and The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998). 4. Marion Facinger, “A Study of Medieval Queenship: Capetian France 987– 1237,” Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 5 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1968), pp. 3–47. See also Miriam Shadis, “Blanche of Castile and Marion Facinger’s ‘Medieval Queenship:’ Reassessing the Argument,” in Capetian Women, ed. Kathleen Nolan (New York: Palgrave, 2003), pp. 137–161. John Parsons showed a similar phenomenon for England, like Facinger linking the decline of the queen’s official power to Eleanor of Aquitaine’s queenship; John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), p. 72. 5. The oldest version of this story appears to be in Florián Ocampo’s sixteenth- century edition of the Primera crónica general, the Crónica ocampiana. [Full title: Las quatro partes enteras dela Cronica de Espana, que mando componer el serenissimo rey don Alonso llamado el Sabio . ] ed. Florián Ocampo (Zamora: 1541), pt. 4, folio 390r. 6. Urraca was an early patron of the Franciscans in Portugal, especially sponsoring a group of missionaries martyred in Morocco. Luke Wadding, Annales Minorum seu Trium Ordinem A.S. Francisco Institutorum T. 1: (1208–1220), ed. Joseph María Fonseca de Evora (Florence: Quarrachi, 1931), pp. 393–94. See also Atanasio López, La provincia de España de los frailes menores (Santiago: El Eco Francisco, 1915), pp. 47–48 and 52–53; Frederico Francisco de la Figanière, Memorias das rainhas de Portugal 178 NOTES (Lisbon: Typographia Universal, 1859), Appendix 5, pp. 235–38; and Andrés Ivars, “Los mártires de Marreucos de 1220 en la literatura hispano- lusitana,” Archivo Ibero-Americano 14 (1920): 344–81. 7. A critical edition of Afonso’s testament is published in Ivo Castro et alia, Curso da história da língua portuguesa (Lisbon: Universidade Aberta, 1991), pp. 197–202. See also de la Figanière, Memorias das rainhas, pp. 71–81 and Appendices 5 and 6, pp. 235–42. 8. Leonor was approximately twenty to Jaume’s thirteen when they mar- ried. In 1228, Alfonso was born; in 1229 Leonor returned to Castile. Gerónimo Zurita y Castro, Anales de la corona de Aragón ed. Antonio Ubieto Arteta and María Desamparados Pérez Soler, 3 vols. (Valencia: Editorial Anubar, 1967), v. 3, pt. 1, p. 51. For Jaume’s perspective, see The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon; A Translation of the Medieval Catalan Llibre dels Fets, trans. Damian Smith and Helena Buffery (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), ch. 18–24, pp. 33–41, and ch. 140, pp. 146–47. See also Zurita, Anales 3: pp. 18–19 and 68. 9. Andrea Gayoso, “The Lady of Las Huelgas: A Royal Abbey and Its Patronage,” Cîteaux: commentarii cistercienses 51.1–2 (2000): 91–116; Miriam Shadis, “Piety, Politics and Power: The Patronage of Leonor of England and Her Daughters Berenguela of León and Blanche of Castile,” in The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women, ed. June Hall McCash (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1996), pp. 202–27. 10. Facinger, “Medieval Queenship,” p. 3. See also the work of Theresa Earenfight, especially “Absent Kings: Queens as Political Partners in the Medieval Crown of Aragon,” in Queenship and Political Power in Medieval and Early Modern Spain, ed. Theresa Earenfight (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005), pp. 33–51. 11. For example, Pauline Stafford, Queen Emma & Queen Edith: Queenship and Women’s Power in Eleventh-Century England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997); Bonnie Wheeler and John Carmi Parsons eds., Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady (New York: Palgrave, 2002); and Parsons, Eleanor of Castile. The historiography of English queenship has usefully challenged periodiza- tion and the master narrative, as well as the interrogated sources and para- digms such as “public and private.” See Kimberly A. LoPrete, “Historical Ironies in the Study of Capetian Women,” in Capetian Women, pp. 276–80 [271–86]. 12. John Carmi Parsons “Family, Sex, and Power: The Rhythms of Medieval Queenship,” in Medieval Queenship ed. John Carmi Parsons (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), pp. 1–2 [1–12]; LoPrete, “Historical Ironies,” in Capetian Women, pp. 272–73. 13. For example, the tenth-century Leonese princess Elvira, and Sancha, sister of Alfonso VII. See Lucy K. Pick, “Dominissima, prudentissima: Elvira, First Queen-Regent of León,” in Religion, Text and Society in Medieval Spain and Northern Europe: Essays in Honor of J. N. Hillgarth, ed. Thomas E. Burnham et alia (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2002), pp. 38–69; Roger Collins, “Queens-Dowager and Queens-Regent in NOTES 179 Tenth-Century León and Navarre,” in Medieval Queenship, pp. 79–82 [79–92]; Reilly, Alfonso VII, pp. 139–41; Luisa García Calles, Doña Sancha, hermana del emperador (León: Centro de Estudios e Investigación “San Isidoro,” 1972). 14. See, however, the essays in Queenship and Political Power, ed. Earenfight, as well as the studies mentioned below. 15. Bernard F. Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109– 1126 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); Therese Martin, Queen as King: Politics and Architectural Propaganda in Twelfth-Century Spain (Leiden: Brill, 2006); Barbara F. Weissberger, Isabel Rules: Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004); Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times, rev. ed. (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 2004); Theresa M. Vann, “The Theory and Practice of Medieval Castilian Queenship,” in Queens, Regents, Potentates, ed. T. M. Vann (Dallas: Academia Press, 1993), pp. 125–47. 16. Núria Silleras-Fernández, Power, Piety, and Patronage in Late Medieval Queenship: Maria de Luna (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); pp. 41–50; Earenfight, “Maria of Castile, Ruler or Figurehead: A Preliminary Study in Aragonese Queenship,” Mediterranean Studies 4 (1994): 45–61; also Theresa Earenfight, The King’s Other Body: María of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009). 17. As an example of the theoretical potential of this material, see Earenfight, “Without the Persona of the Prince: Kings, Queens, and the Idea of Monarchy in Late Medieval Europe,” Gender and History 19 (2007): 1–21. 18. Antonio Lupián Zapata, Epitome de la vida y muerte de la Reyna Doña Berenguela, primogenita del rey D. Alonso el Noble (Madrid: 1665); Enrique Flórez, Memorias de las reinas católicas de España, 3rd ed., 2 vols. (1761, repr. Madrid: Aguilar, 1959); Fray Valentín de la Cruz, Berenguela la grande; Enrique I el chico (1179–1246) (Gijón: Ediciones Trea, 2006); “Berenguela la Grande: una mujer excepcional,” in Vicenta Márquez de la Plata and Luis Valero de Bernabé, Reinas medievales españolas (Madrid: Alderabán Ediciones, 2000), pp. 163–81; Georges Martin, “Berenguela de Castilla (1214–1246): en el espejo de la historiografía de su época,” in Historia de las mujeres en España y América Latina, ed. Isabel Morant (Madrid: Cátedra, 2005), pp. 569–96; Martin, “Négociation et diplomatie dans la vie de Bérengère de Castille (1214–1246). La part du facteur générique,” e-Spania: Revue interdisciplinaire d’études hispaniques médiévales 4 (December 2007; online March 2008). URL: http://e-spania.revues.org/index562. html; Accessed October 31, 2008. 19. Joseph F. O’Callaghan, “Origin and Development of Archival Record- Keeping in the Crown of Castile-León” in Discovery in the Archives of Spain and Portugal: Quincentenary Essays, 1492–1992, ed. Lawrence J. McCrank (New York: Haworth Press, 1993), pp. 3–18. 20. Emma Falque Rey, “Introducción,” Lucae Tudensis, Chronicon mundi, ed. Emma Falque Rey (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003) Corpus Christianorum. 180 NOTES Continuatio Medievalis v. 74. T. 1, pp. vii–viii; Peter Linehan, “Dates and Doubts about don Lucas,” CLCHM 24 (2001): 205 [201–17]. 21. Rey, “Introducción,” CM, pp. xviii–xxi; Bernard F. Reilly, “Bishop Lucas of Túy and the Latin Chronicle Tradition in Iberia,” The Catholic Historical Review 93:1 (October 2007): 768 [767–88]. 22. CM, praefatio, p. 4. 23. Reilly, “Bishop Lucas,” 771–72. 24. For Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, see Lucy K. Pick, Conflict and Coexistence: Archbishop Rodrigo and the Muslims and Jews of Medieval Spain (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), especially chapter two, “Conquest and Settlement,” pp. 21–70. See also the numerous works of Peter Linehan, cited throughout. 25. Peter Linehan, “On Further Thought: Lucas of Tuy, Rodrigo of Toledo and the Alfonsine Histories,” in The Processes of Politics and the Rule of Law: Studies on the Iberian Kingdoms and Papal Rome in the Middle Ages, ed. Peter Linehan (Variorum Collected Studies Series) (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), p. 417 [415–36]; Reilly, “Bishop Lucas,” 769. 26. Linehan, “On Further Thought,” p. 427; see also Peter Linehan, History and the Historians of Medieval Spain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 298–99; Peter Linehan, “Don Juan de Soria: Unas Apostillas,” in Fernando III y su tiempo (1201–1252), ed. José Manuel Nieto Soria (León: Fundación Sánchez-Albornoz, 2001), pp. 375–93; Francisco Javier Hernández, “La corte de Fernando III y la casa real de Francia. Documentos, crónicas, monumentos,” in Fernando III y su tiempo, pp. 103–55. 27. Chronica latina regum Castellae, in Chronica hispana saeculi xiii, ed. Luis Charlo Brea et alia, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis 73 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1997); The Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile, English trans.