Biofuels for the marine shipping sector Front cover information panel IEA Bioenergy: Task 39: xxxx: xx Biofuels for the marine shipping sector An overview and analysis of sector infrastructure, fuel technologies and regulations Chia-wen Carmen Hsieh, University of Copenhagen Claus Felby, University of Copenhagen Acknowledgements. This report is supported by funding from Innovation Fund Denmark and the International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 39. Copyright © 2017 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction and overview ........................................................................................... 9 2. The shipping sector .................................................................................................. 11 2.1. Shipping vessels ................................................................................................ 13 2.2. Classification of Shipping vessels ......................................................................... 14 2.3. Short vs. deep sea shipping ................................................................................ 15 2.4. Shipping routes ................................................................................................. 16 2.5. Life cycle of shipping vessels ............................................................................... 16 3. Marine propulsion technology ..................................................................................... 17 3.1. Diesel engines ................................................................................................... 18 3.2. Multifuel engines ............................................................................................... 20 3.3. Petrol, gas and electric engines............................................................................ 21 3.4. The fuel oil system............................................................................................. 22 4. Current marine fuels ................................................................................................. 23 4.1. Marine fuel standards and classifications ............................................................... 23 4.2. Properties of marine fuels ................................................................................... 25 4.3. Liquefied natural gas .......................................................................................... 26 4.4. Other fuels ....................................................................................................... 27 4.5. Fuel heating value ............................................................................................. 27 4.6. Fuel specific GHG emissions ................................................................................ 28 4.7. The marine fuel market ...................................................................................... 29 4.8. Marine fuel regulations ....................................................................................... 31 4.9. Fuel transport infrastructure (ports) ..................................................................... 37 5. Marine biofuels and conversion technologies ................................................................ 39 5.1. Current Biomass-derived diesel fuels .................................................................... 40 5.2. Drop-in fuels ..................................................................................................... 43 5.3. Advanced biofuel production technologies ............................................................. 44 5.3.1. Oleochemical .................................................................................................... 44 5.3.2. Upgrading of pulping residues ............................................................................. 47 5.3.3. Thermochemical ................................................................................................ 48 5.3.4. Hybrid technologies ........................................................................................... 53 5.3.5. Bioethanol ........................................................................................................ 53 5.3.6. BioMethanol and biogas ...................................................................................... 55 5.3.7. Emulsion biofuels .............................................................................................. 56 5.4. Biofuel blending ................................................................................................ 57 6. Status of marine biofuels .......................................................................................... 60 1 6.1. Marine biofuel production start-up ........................................................................ 62 6.2. Biofuel feedstocks .............................................................................................. 62 6.3. Fuel and feedstock potentials .............................................................................. 63 7. Marine biofuel regulations ......................................................................................... 66 7.1. Marine biofuel deployment initiatives .................................................................... 66 7.2. Biofuel deployment challenges ............................................................................. 71 8. Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 73 9. References .............................................................................................................. 76 2 Figures Figure 1. Merchant shipping routes around the world11. ........................................................ 12 Figure 2. Container ship fuel consumption as a function of speed25 ........................................ 20 Figure 3. Fuel oil system for a two-stroke marine diesel engine28. .......................................... 22 Figure 4. Price of marine fuels (residual fuel RMG 380 and distillate fuel MDO) in US$ per metric tonne compared to the price of crude oil in US$ per barrel43 ................................................. 30 Figure 5. Sulphur and nitrogen oxide emission control areas (ECA)49. The Baltic and North Sea will be ECAs-NOx from 2021. ................................................................................................. 32 Figure 6. Nitrogen oxide emission standards inside and outside ECAs in accordance to MARPOL Annex VI. The emission limits expressed are a function of the engine speed in revolutions per minute (rpm). Tier I and Tier II limits are global. ................................................................ 35 Figure 7. IMO agreement on technical regulations to reduce CO2 emissions: MARPOL Annex VI, chapter 4 adopted July 2011, entered into force in January 2015 ........................................... 36 Figure 8. Overview of different feedstock conversion routes to marine biofuels including both conventional and advanced biofuels. ................................................................................. 40 Figure 9 Transesterification of triglycerides with methanol to glycerol and methyl esters for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) ..................................................................... 41 Figure 10. SWOT analysis of marine fuels from biomass. ...................................................... 74 Tables Table 1. Merchant shipping vessel classifications20 ............................................................... 14 Table 2. Classification of merchant vessels by size20 ............................................................ 15 Table 3. Common types of marine engines and their fuel compatibility. HFO: Heavy fuel oil, MDO: Marine diesel oil, LSHFO: Low Sulphur Heavy Fuel Oil, LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas ................... 17 Table 4. Types of diesel engines according to speed ............................................................ 19 Table 5. ISO distillate marine fuel specifications3 ................................................................. 24 Table 6. ISO residual marine fuel specifications3 ................................................................. 25 Table 7. Energy content and density of select marine fuels34 ................................................. 28 31,39,40 Table 8. Mass of CO2 emitted per quantity of energy for various fuels ............................. 29 Table 9. Average world marine fuel prices October 201543 .................................................... 31 Table 10. Sulphur emission standards inside and outside ECAs .............................................. 33 Table 11. Oil yield per year of common crops for biodiesel61 .................................................. 43 Table 12. Comparison of fuel consumption in the maritime and aviation sectors with current and potential biofuel production based on current crops and feedstocks from