CANADIAN CASES ON EMPLOYMENT LAW Fourth Series/Quatri`eme s´erie Recueil de jurisprudence canadienne en droit du travail VOLUME 25 (Cited 25 C.C.E.L. (4th)) EDITOR-IN-CHIEF/REDACTEUR´ EN CHEF M. Norman Grosman, B.SC., LL.B. Grosman, Grosman & Gale LLP Toronto, Ontario ASSISTANT EDITORS/ADJOINTS A` LA REDACTION´ Robert Bonhomme, D.E.C., B.L.L. Michael J. Weiler, B.A., LL.B. Heenan Blaikie LLP Boughton Law Corporation Montr´eal, Qu´ebec Vancouver, British Columbia Malcolm J. MacKillop, B.A., LL.B. Matthew L.O. Certosimo, B.A.(HONS.), Shields O’Donnell MacKillop LLP LL.B. Toronto, Ontario Borden Ladner Gervais Toronto, Ontario Magali Cournoyer-Proulx, D.E.C., LL.B. Heenan Blaikie LLP Montr´eal, Qu´ebec CARSWELL EDITORIAL STAFF/REDACTION´ DE CARSWELL Cheryl L. McPherson, B.A.(HONS.) Director, Primary Content Operations / Directrice des activit´es li´ees au contenu principal Bob Greenfield, B.A., J.D. Product Development Manager Nicole Ross, B.A., LL.B. Julia Fischer, B.A.(HONS.), LL.B. Supervisor, Legal Writing Supervisor, Legal Writing Susan Koster, B.A.(HONS.), LL.B. Michael Johnson, B.A.(HONS.), LL.B. Lead Legal Writer Lead Legal Writer Samantha Barr, B.A., J.D. Martin-Fran¸cois Parent, LL.B., LL.M., Senior Legal Writer DEA (PARIS II) Bilingual Legal Writer Melissa Dubien Content Editor Canada (Attorney General) v. Munsee-Delaware Nation 167 [Indexed as: Canada (Attorney General) v. Munsee-Delaware Nation] Procureur G´en´eral du Canada, demandeur et Nation Munsee- Delaware et Crystal Flewelling, d´efenderesses Crystal Flewelling, demanderesse et Nation Munsee-Delaware, Procureur G´en´eral du Canada, Procureur G´en´eral de l’Ontario, d´efendeurs Cour f´ed´erale Docket: T-1043-13, T-1030-13 2015 FC 366, 2015 CF 366 Ren´e LeBlanc J. Heard: 23 septembre 2014 Judgment: 23 mars 2015 Aboriginal law –––– Employment law — Bands and First Nations as em- ployers –––– In 2001, First Nation, Indian Band under Indian Act, hired em- ployee, member of First Nation, to work in administration office — Employee’s duties evolved from data entry/file clerk to housing/finance clerk — Employee was dismissed in spring 2006, and filed complaint for unjust dismissal under s. 240 of Canada Labour Code — First Nation agreed matter governed by Code and adjudicator appointed — Parties awaited outcome of criminal charges against employee — When proceeding resumed, First Nation acknowledged em- ployee was dismissed without cause and that damages was only outstanding question — In 2012, First Nation took position that employee’s employment was subject to provincial, not federal, regulation — In May 2013, adjudicator agreed that 2010 Supreme Court of Canada decision had changed legal land- scape by determining that presumption that employment relationships subject to provincial regulation applied even when employer was First Nation — Applying “functional test” to determine that clerical work performed by employee was of type generally regulated by province, adjudicator found he had no jurisdic- tion — Employee and federal Attorney General brought applications for judicial review — Applications granted — Constitutional question relating to division of powers are reviewable on standard of correctness — Questions of fact, such as characterization of employment, are reviewable for reasonableness — Employer or entity in 2010 Supreme Court of Canada decision was not Indian Band, but separate and distinct legal entity, so case was distinguishable — Decision in 1982 Supreme Court of Canada case establishing that Indian Bands and Band Councils, as they governance authority from federal legislation, were federal un- dertakings for purposes of labour relations when engaged in general administra- tion of Band affairs, including financial affairs, was still binding — Adjudicator 168 CANADIAN CASES ON EMPLOYMENT LAW 25 C.C.E.L. (4th) erred by relying exclusively on 2010 case without considering core function of Indian Band or Band Council — Administration of First Nation federal under- taking within meaning of Code — First Nation unable to establish inherent right to govern exempting it from application of Code — Decision of adjudicator quashed; matter referred back for determination of damages. Cases considered by Ren´e LeBlanc J.: Anderson and Fox Lake Cree Nation, Re (2013), (sub nom. Fox Lake Cree Nation v. Anderson) 445 F.T.R. 51 (Eng.), 2013 FC 1276, 2013 CarswellNat 4772, 2013 CF 1276, 2013 CarswellNat 5482, (sub nom. Fox Lake Cree Nation v. Anderson) [2014] 2 C.N.L.R. 150, 13 C.C.E.L. (4th) 289 (F.C.) — referred to Ardoch Algonquin First Nation & Allies v. Ontario (1997), (sub nom. Lovelace v. Ontario) 44 C.R.R. (2d) 285, 1997 CarswellOnt 1897, (sub nom. Lovelace v. Ontario) [1998] 2 C.N.L.R. 36, 26 O.T.C. 320 (note), 100 O.A.C. 344, (sub nom. Lovelace v. Ontario) 33 O.R. (3d) 735, (sub nom. Ardoch Algonquin First Nation v. Ontario) 148 D.L.R. (4th) 126, [1997] O.J. No. 2313 (Ont. C.A.) — referred to Commissionaires (Great Lakes) v. Dawson (2011), 2011 CarswellNat 2805, 2011 FC 717, 2011 CF 717, 2011 CarswellNat 3778, 340 D.L.R. (4th) 351, 391 F.T.R. 216 (F.C.) — referred to Consolidated Fastfrate Inc. v. Western Canada Council of Teamsters (2009), 203 C.R.R. (2d) 247, [2009] Alta. L.R.B.R. 396, [2009] 3 S.C.R. 407, 188 C.L.R.B.R. (2d) 1, 2009 CarswellAlta 1891, 2009 CarswellAlta 1892, 2009 SCC 53, 470 W.A.C. 50, 469 A.R. 50, 14 Alta. L.R. (5th) 203, [2010] 1 W.W.R. 1, D.T.E. 2009T-847, 94 Admin. L.R. (4th) 1, 2010 C.L.L.C. 220- 001, 395 N.R. 276, 313 D.L.R. (4th) 285, 81 C.C.E.L. (3d) 163, [2009] S.C.J. No. 53 (S.C.C.) — referred to Craig v. R. (2012), (sub nom. Craig v. Canada) 347 D.L.R. (4th) 385, [2012] 5 C.T.C. 205, 2012 SCC 43, 2012 CarswellNat 2737, 2012 CarswellNat 2738, (sub nom. Canada v. Craig) [2012] 2 S.C.R. 489, (sub nom. R. v. Craig) 2012 D.T.C. 5115 (Eng.), (sub nom. R. v. Craig) 2012 D.T.C. 5116 (Fr.), (sub nom. Minister of National Revenue v. Craig) 433 N.R. 111, [2012] S.C.J. No. 43 (S.C.C.) — referred to Four B Manufacturing Ltd. v. U.G.W. (1979), [1980] 1 S.C.R. 1031, [1979] 4 C.N.L.R. 21, 80 C.L.L.C. 14,006, 102 D.L.R. (3d) 385, 30 N.R. 421, 1979 CarswellOnt 715F, 1979 CarswellOnt 715 (S.C.C.) — referred to Francis v. Canada (Labour Relations Board) (1980), 1980 CarswellNat 96, (sub nom. P.S.A.C. v. Francis) [1981] 1 F.C. 225, [1981] 2 C.N.L.R. 126, (sub nom. St. Regis Indian Band Council v. Canada (Labour Relations Board)) 33 N.R. 56, 80 C.L.L.C. 14,048, 1980 CarswellNat 96F (Fed. C.A.) — followed Francis v. Canada (Labour Relations Board) (1982), (sub nom. P.S.A.C. v. Francis) [1982] 2 S.C.R. 72, [1982] 4 C.N.L.R. 94, 82 C.L.L.C. 14,208, 139 Canada (Attorney General) v. Munsee-Delaware Nation 169 D.L.R. (3d) 9, 44 N.R. 136, 1982 CarswellNat 485F, 1982 CarswellNat 485, [1982] S.C.J. No. 62 (S.C.C.) — referred to Francis v. Mohawk Council of Kanesatake (2003), 2003 CFPI 115, 2003 Car- swellNat 2792, [2003] 3 C.N.L.R. 86, 2003 FCT 115, 227 F.T.R. 161, [2003] 4 F.C. 1133, 2003 CarswellNat 235, [2003] F.C.J. No. 156 (Fed. T.D.) — referred to Knebush v. Maygard (2014), 2014 FC 1247, 2014 CarswellNat 6179 (F.C.) — referred to Martin v. Canada (Attorney General) (2013), 2013 CarswellNat 90, 2013 FCA 15, 2013 C.L.L.C. 240-003, 275 C.R.R. (2d) 326, 2013 CAF 15, 442 N.R. 340, 2013 CarswellNat 2299, [2014] 3 F.C.R. 117 (F.C.A.) — referred to Native Child & Family Services of Toronto v. C.E.P. (2008), 2008 FCA 338, 2008 CarswellNat 3855, (sub nom. Native Child & Family Services of Toronto v. Communication, Energy & Paperworkers Union of Canada) [2009] 1 C.N.L.R. 218, 2008 CAF 338, 2008 CarswellNat 4911, (sub nom. Native Child & Family Services of Toronto v. Communication, Energy & Paperworkers Union of Canada) 2009 C.L.L.C. 220-022, (sub nom. Native Child & Family Services of Toronto v. Communication, Energy & Paperworkers Union of Canada) 382 N.R. 330, 302 D.L.R. (4th) 700, [2008] A.C.F. No. 1497, [2008] F.C.J. No. 1497 (F.C.A.) — referred to Native Child & Family Services of Toronto v. C.E.P. (2010), 2010 SCC 46, (sub nom. Communications, Energy & Paperworkers Union of Canada v. Native Child & Family Services of Toronto) [2010] 4 C.N.L.R. 279, D.T.E. 2010T- 730, (sub nom. CEPU v. Native Child & Family Services) 2010 C.L.L.C. 220-63, (sub nom. Communications, Energy & Paperworkers Union of Canada v. Native Child & Family Services of Toronto) [2010] 2 S.C.R. 737, 2010 CarswellNat 3988, 2010 CarswellNat 3989, (sub nom. Native Child & Family Services of Toronto v. Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada) 408 N.R. 121, 326 D.L.R. (4th) 53, [2010] S.C.J. No. 46 (S.C.C.) — distinguished New Brunswick (Board of Management) v. Dunsmuir (2008), 372 N.R. 1, 69 Admin. L.R. (4th) 1, 69 Imm. L.R. (3d) 1, (sub nom. Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick) [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190, 844 A.P.R. 1, 2008 CSC 9, (sub nom.