Irish History A Topical Trptych The Land Eire: A Wild Geography an island never united politically, though homogenous culturally & linguistically difficult terrain (complicates invasions by Norseman (Vikings), Normans, and English modern transportation now overcoming barriers: some idealists envision unification . Four Provinces the west (Connaught): difficult geographies; inaccessible; romanticized the south (Munster): heavily Frenchified by Norman influence the east (Leinster): incl. “eastern triangle” w/ less rain, bog, & mountain; contains NewGrange, Tara, Dublin the north (Ulster): historically aloof; intractable (till Tudor “Plantations”) Scandinavia Attacks pagan Vikings from Norway invade in 8th c. conquer w/ long & low ships, helmets, heavy swords, iron spears drive Irish monasteries inland build towns & fortified settlements (Dublin, Limerick, Waterford, etc.), create market economy Norseman ally w/ various Irish kings Norse (Viking) sword & helmet Brian Boru 999 A.D.: Irish leader Boru defeats king of Leinster & Dublin Norse, etc. 1002 A.D.: becomes high king of Eire, puts down dissent over 12 yrs grants church in Armagh ecclesiastical supremacy over Eire rehabilitates institutions of learning and religion; builds roads 1014: Battle of Clontarf; defeats kingdom of Leinster & Dublin Norse, but dies. Eire unified. faithful, photorealistic renderings of the guy Anglo-Norman Invasion 1155: Pope Adrian IV issues papal bull Laudabiliter to English King Henry II “to teach the truths of the Christian faith to a rude & unlettered people” 1166: Diarmait Mac Murchada gains Henry II’s support to reclaim Leinster w/ Welsh volunteers; pact w/ Richard FitzGilbert (“Strongbow”) 1169: Strongbow takes Waterford, then all Leinster 1171: Henry II arrives, reserves Dublin & Wexford, allows Strongbow to hold Leinster; gives Meath to Hugh de Lacy, Ulster to John de Courcy, signs away Gaelic Irish lands of Cork & Limerick despite treaty of 1175, etc. King John (1199-1216): central admin. (Dublin Castle) Pope Adrian IV (only Englishman to ever be Pope) Trouble w/ the Tudors 1541: Henry VIII declares self king of Eire; ennobles friends (now earls) w/ confiscated Irish lands as feudal fiefs “plantation” of Protestant English into Irish lands continues; by 1590, most of Eire controlled by the English given strategic position of Eire in ongoing hostilities w/ France & Spain, Elizabeth insures fidelity by granting plots of land to Protestant English settlers who hold onto English language and culture 1593-1603: Ulster War—Irish clan leaders “The Rainbow Portrait, “an allegorical, revolt; ends w/ Battle of Kinsale (1601-1603) “ageless” representation, c.1600 The 17th Century 1607: Flight of the Earls (90+ Ulster aristocracy), incl. Hugh O’Neill 1609: Plantation of Ulster w/ English & Scottish Protestants (by James I) 1641: Irish Rebellion successful; 1642: Catholic Confederation results 1649-53: Cromwellian conquest 1697: Banishment Act Robert Walker’s ”Oliver Cromwell” (c.1649) Act of Union & Resistance 1791: United Irishmen (U.I.) founded; ’98 revolt fails; W. Tone & E. Fitzgerald die 1800: Act of Union 1823: Daniel O’Connell forms Catholic Association; 1840: forms Repeal Association; Clontarf meeting fails 1858: James Stephens & Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians); 1867 uprising 1879: Irish National Land League founded by Michael Davitt & Charles Parnell; 1881: Landlord & Tenant Act Theobald Wolfe Tone’s death mask 1886: Gladstone’s 1st Home Rule bill defeated Faith Christianity’s Advent: 5th c. St. Patrick arrives (c.430-450), authors 1st extant document written in Eire (in Latin) narrating conversion of Eire north of Munster. No martyrs needed. introduces monastic life; monasteries proliferate after St. Pat’s death Eire’s growing monastic (not diocesan) hierarchy unique in western Christendom at the time statue of St. Pat on Slieve Patrick, overlooking Saul & Raholp Monasticism in 6th c. many monasteries: St. Enda’s on Aran Islands, Colum Cille’s in Durrow, Derry, & Iona; St. Brigid’s at Kildare “monastery” denotes community more than a building (mere wooden huts) memorized much scripture, and some Latin classics by Virgil, etc. missionaries: Columbanus to Europe, Colum Cille to Scotland, etc. Saint Enda’s Monastery, Innish Mhór, Aran Islands 11th-12th c. Eire church organizes amidst conflicts, now sending missionaries abroad monastic organization leads to little pastoral care until . 1111 A.D.: national synod reorganizes Eire for pastoral purposes; presided over by Cellach & high-king, divides Eire into 24 sees (in 1148, redivided into 36 sees) 1142: arrival of Cistercians (attentive 8th-c. copy of Rule of St. Benedict: to society); end of monastic peace, pray, & work dominance Protestants vs. Catholics 1534: H. VIII establishes Church of E. after clash w/ Pope Urban VIII; monasteries dismantled 1695-1727: harshest penal laws enacted for Catholic worship, not conforming Church of E., refusing Oath of Supremacy penalty for 1st offense: forfeit all possessions unless total < 20£ (then, imprisonment) 1793: franchise restored to Catholics 1829: Catholic Relief Act: provides, but cultural split remains Storytelling & The Arts Ancient Arts & Class Stratification leaders: high king, king of a province, over-kings, king of a tuath (petty kingdom) aristocracy: nobles, ollam (chief poet) áes dána (“men of art”): the learned classes (incl. filí & brehons), portable franchise/mobility, memorization freemen: skilled tradesmen (incl. smiths, physicians, & harpers) unfree classes: slaves, labourers, musicians, pipers, jugglers 8th c. Irish Legal Manuscript (created by Brehons) Golden Age of Early Christian Ireland: 7th & 8th c. synergy of Irish and Latin worlds . poetry students learn to read, write Christians now using Brehon courts, drawing up ecclesiastical laws clerics adopting heroic motifs when writing of saints like Patrick, Brigid Christian artist employ Gaelic Irish designs pages from the Book of Kells (c. 800 A.D.) 11th-12th c. Eire: language poets develop first grammar of a western European language Irish language replacing Latin in monastic schools art of illumination developed new literature: lives of saints, sermons, Biblical history, from the Leabhar na hUidhre (Book devotional lyrics, etc. of the Dun Cow). c/1100( Literary Arts as Protest 1729: Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” 1842: Young Ireland formed, associated with weekly paper The Nation; failed insurrection in 1848 1892: D. Hyde’s “The Necessity for De-Anglicising the Irish Nation” 1893: Gaelic League founded 1893: WBY’s “To Ireland in the Coming Times” 1897: WBY, Lady Gregory, and photo of Inis Oírr, Edward Martyn discuss theater part of Aran Islands Irish Literary Renaissance 1899: United Irishman weekly paper resurrected by Arthur Griffith & John Mitchel; contributors incl. poet Padraig Pearse & incendiary Maud Gonne 1899: performance of WBY’s play “The Countess Cathleen” 1901: production of Douglas Hyde’s Casadh an tSúgáin (The Twisting of the Rope), in Irish 1902: WBY’s Cathleen ni Houlihan; 1903: Synge’s Riders to the Sea 1904: Abbey Theater opens w/ WBY’s On the original Abbey Theater Baile’s Strand and Lady Gregory’s Spreading the News UNUSED SLIDES (no need to know this material) Celtic, Pre-Christian Eire La Tène, an old iron age culture, reaches Eire around 2nd c. B.C. Celtic war trumpets, torques (collars) found in Ulster & Connacht—site of Irish sagas Irish Gaelic derives from Q-Celtic; linguistic unity in Eire Heroic Age ends by 450 A.D. when Connachta destroy Ulster kingdom of Emain Macha Early Irish Society (1st-8th centuries, A.D.) the tuath petty kingdoms 150+ tuatha, despite national population under 500,000 the fine extended family group commoners live in individual farms better homesteads were raths (see right) surrounded by an earthen rampart Social Order & Exchange king held no legal power; no law enforcement per se; closely-knit family groups help maintain order elaborate giving of hostages or pledges formed system of guarantee status expressed materially by one’s eneclann (“honour-price”) sét: basic unit of value (sometimes two forms of ancient Irish equal to a young heifer) currency: seer & cumal cumal = female slave (or 6 séts) 11th-12th c. Eire: politics 100-200 petty kingdoms, and some Norse towns 7 states: Munster, Leinster, Connacht, Meath, Ailech, Airgialla, and Ulaid since Boru, high-kingship is now fought over by rival provincial kings O’Connors rising in power until Diarmait Mac Murchada ousted from Leinster & appeals to Henry II Norse (Viking) sword & helmet Anglo-Norman Influence 1250: at this point, 75% of Eire overcome by Normans; conquered areas become peaceful, ordered King John (1199-1216) provides central administration, Dublin Castle 1297: first parliament draws elected representatives from 7 counties and a few “liberties” (Meath, Kildare, Ulster, etc.) Normans encourage Gaelic Irish to continue herding cattle, tilling soil Normans 1st to use coins generally; King John, unknown painter and increase trade thru market towns date Young Ireland 1842: Young Ireland formed, associated with weekly newspaper The Nation Thomas Davis: Irish nationality which embraces everyone Charles Gavan Duffy: Irish parliamentary party should remain independent of both English parties John Mitchel: complete separation from England; physical force needed James Fintan Lalor: links independence to land movement James Fintan Lalor (1807-1849) 1848: failed insurrection.