INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margin^ and inproper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. STRAWBERRY HILL: A CASE STUDY OF THE GOTHIC REVIVAL by Susan D. Kleckner A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Early American Culture Spring 1995 Copyright 1995 Susan D. Kleckner All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1375144 DMI Microform 1375144 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company- All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code- UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. STRAWBERRY HILL: A CASE STUDY OF THE GOTHIC REVIVAL by Susan D. Kleckner Approved: d . Jaynes C /. Curtis, Ph.D. Btoftrofesgor in Charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: f Y JarfiesJC. Curtis, Ph.D. Director of the Winterthur Program in Early American Culture Approved:_ C/' h a A-' z ■ _____________ Carol E. Hoffecker, Ph.: Associate Provost for GrkdWte Studies Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ackno wl edgments I would like to thank Dr. Marie Devine of the Lewis-Walpole Library, Farmington, Connecticut, and Father Desmond Beime of the St. Mary's Catholic Teacher's College, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England for their suggestions, direction and support in the planning and research of this thesis. In addition, my particular thanks and gratitude to Dr. James C. Curtis for his continued support in this project, as well to my classmates, Jeannine Disviscour and Anna Gruber Koester. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................v ABSTRACT............................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1 2 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY GOTHIC REVIVAL IN ENGLAND TO THE CREATION OF STRAWBERRY HILL........................................................10 3 THE GOTHIC REVIVAL AT STRAWBERRY HILL 26 3.1 Strawberry Hill-Shot..................................................... 27 3.2 Alterations to Strawberry Hill: Phase 1............................................................................ 35 3.3 Alterations to Strawberry Hill: Phase 2 ............................................................................ 51 3.4 Alterations to Strawberry Hill: Phase 3 ............................................................................ 57 3.5 Strawberry Hill and the Architecture of Associationism ...............................................................75 3.6 Conclusion ...................................................................... 78 4 CONCLUSION .............................................................................81 ENDNOTES............................................................................................. 92 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES 1 Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, from a drawing by George Dance (1793).................................................................. 3 2 Gothick Temple design by Batty Langley, Plate LVII from his pattern book Gothick Architecture Restored and Improved with Rules and Proportions (London, 1742) ...........................................................................13 3 Tom Tower, Christ Church, Oxford, renovated by Sir Christopher Wren, 1681 - 1682, with symmetric turrets flanking a central larger rising turret. The middle section's repeated ogee shapes create a type of Palladian Gothic form ............................................................................................... 19 4 Vanbrugh's Castle, built by Sir John Vanbrugh, c. 1717..................................................... 21 5 Kent's design for Esher Place, Surrey, c. 1729, showing his use of symmetric and decorative motifs to create a Gothic image ...............................................................................23 6 The Ground Floor of the 1781 Plan of Strawberry Hill. The shaded area to the lower left indicates the outline of the original, pre-Walpole structure .................................... 28 7 The Second Floor of the 1781 Plan of Strawberry Hill. The shaded area to the lower left indicates the outline of the original, pre-Walpole structure .................................... 29 8 The inconclusive and undated scant remains of a sketch by Walpole of the south facade of Strawberry Hill as it looked when he purchased it. Courtesy of the Lewis-Walpole Library, Farmington, Connecticut............................................30 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9 An early, though undated drawing by Bentley showing the original outbuildings of Strawberry Hill before Walpole destroyed them. The architectural style of these buildings, as suggested by their high-pitched, thatched roofs may indicate the appearance of the original, pre-Walpole structure .......................................................................................31 10 A conjectural drawing, based on Walpole's sketch of the original south facade (figure 8) and the dimensions of the original building block, of the appearance of Strawberry Hill prior to Walpole's renovations and additions ...............33 11 Conjectural drawing by John Warren, architectural historian, September 1982, of Strawberry Hill as it appeared when Walpole purchased the property. This drawing is also based on Walpole's sketch (figure 8), as well as an oil painting of the house by J. Cleveley. Courtesy of the Lewis-Walpole Library, Farmington, Connecticut............... 34 12 Front elevation of the Chapel-in-the-Woods .........................37 13 The Prior's Garden, as illustrated in A Description of the Villa of Mr. Horace Walpole... (Twickenham, 1784)...............................................................................................38 14 Po-Yang, Walpole's Chinese Garden, as illustrated in A Description of the Villa of Mr. Horace Walpole... (Twickenham, 1784)...................................................................39 15 The Ground Floor of the 1781 Plan of Strawberry Hill. The shaded area indicates the site of Walpole's first building phase ............................................................................. 42 16 The Second Floor of the 1781 Plan of Strawberry Hill. The shaded area indicates the site of Walpole's first building phase ............................................................................. 43 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17 Enlargement of the 1781 Plan of Strawberry Hill. The black cross-hatched area indicates the site of the original west wall. The red cross-hatched area indicates the extension of the west wall necessary to complete the Beauty Room and Red Bedchamber. The green cross-hatched area indicates the site of the alternative and probably erroneously suggested original west wall ................................44 18 The South facade of Strawberry Hill as drawn by J.H. Muntz, c. 1759. The portions of the house at the extreme left show the westem-most edge of the house, where one of the original walls of the pre-Walpole structure was extended to allow for the Beauty Room and Red Bedchamber.................................................................................46 19 A visual comparison of Kent's design at Esher Place and Walpole's first completed