Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2009 The Domain Shared by Computational and Digital Ontology: A Phenomenological Exploration and Analysis Bradley Wendell Compton Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION THE DOMAIN SHARED BY COMPUTATIONAL AND DIGITAL ONTOLOGY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AND ANALYSIS By BRADLEY WENDELL COMPTON A Dissertation submitted to the College of Information in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2009 The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Bradley Compton defended on April 22, 2009. ______________________________ Kathleen Burnett Professor Directing Dissertation _______________________________ Russell Dancy Outside Committee Member _______________________________ Gary Burnett Committee Member ______________________________ Wayne Wiegand Committee Member Approved: ________________________________________ Larry Dennis, Dean, College of Information The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii To my parents Wendell and Judy and to the God of my understanding without whom none of my achievements would be possible. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank and express gratitude to the mentors, friends, and loved ones who helped me complete this research. Kathy Burnett has been my major professor and patiently watched me struggle to develop and articulate this project from the beginning. Gary Burnett, Wayne Wiegand, and Keith Belton also served me well as committee members. Russ Dancy, my outside committee member, knew and taught me as an undergraduate philosophy major. Fred Fonseca and Rafael Capurro, with whom I met face-to-face, inspired me with their work and mentored me along the way. Also, Elizabeth Buchanan organized the conference where minds like Rafael, Fred, and mine could meet and has also provided me encouragement in my career. Most of all, I want to thank my Mom and Dad, Judy and Wendell, for supporting and encouraging me in countless ways my entire life. Likewise, I believe in and am grateful for a Power greater than myself who has guided me, restored me, and shown me opportunities to serve others and improve my life many times through the years. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ........................................................................................... vii List of Figures ........................................................................................... viii Abstract ................................................................................................. ix 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 4 2.1 Differing Foundations—The Analytic/Continental Divide ................ 4 2.1.1 The Analytic Tradition—Naturalism and Formal Logic ........... 4 2.1.2 Computational Ontology—Types, Approaches, and Examples . 6 2.1.3 The Continental Tradition—Existential Analytic of Dasein ...... 8 2.1.4 Digital Ontology ....................................................................... 11 2.1.5 Relevance to Library and Information Studies........................... 14 3. PHENOMENOLOGY AS METHODOLOGY ............................................ 16 3.1 Investigating Particular Phenomena .................................................. 17 3.2 Investigating General Essences ......................................................... 18 3.3 Apprehending Essential Relationships .............................................. 20 3.4 Watching Modes of Appearing ......................................................... 21 3.5 Exploring the Constitution of Phenomena in Consciousness ............. 24 3.6 Suspending Belief in Existence ......................................................... 26 3.7 Interpreting Concealed Meanings ..................................................... 27 4. ESSENCES AND THE MODES OF APPEARING .................................... 29 4.1 Modes of Appearing ......................................................................... 29 4.2 Essences ........................................................................................... 29 4.2.1 Temporality ............................................................................. 29 4.2.2 Spatiality ................................................................................. 30 4.2.3 Being and Entities .................................................................... 30 4.2.4 Relationships ........................................................................... 32 4.2.5 Human Being ........................................................................... 32 4.2.6 Digital Representation of Reality ............................................. 33 4.3 Constitution of the Phenomena in Consciousness.............................. 33 5. TEMPORALITY AND SPATIALITY ........................................................ 35 v 5.1 Temporality ...................................................................................... 35 5.1.1 Temporality in Digital Ontology .............................................. 35 5.1.2 Temporality in Computational Ontology .................................. 39 5.2 Spatiality .......................................................................................... 46 5.2.1 Spatiality in the BFO ............................................................... 46 5.2.2 Physical Space and Existential Spatiality ................................. 47 5.2.3 The Spatiality of Cyberspace ................................................... 50 5.3 Discussion ........................................................................................ 53 6. BEING, ENTITIES, AND RELATIONSHIPS ............................................ 55 6.1 Being and beings .............................................................................. 55 6.2 Entities ........................................................................................... 57 6.3 Classes and Universals ..................................................................... 61 6.4 Relationships .................................................................................... 62 6.4.1 Analytic Relationships ............................................................. 63 6.4.2 Continental Relationships ........................................................ 64 6.5 The Human Being as an Entity ......................................................... 66 6.5.1 Dasein ..................................................................................... 66 6.5.2 Social Objects and Physical-Behavioral Units .......................... 66 6.6 Digital Representation of Reality ...................................................... 69 6.6.1 Digital Being and Digital Entities ............................................ 69 7. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 73 7.1 Limitations ....................................................................................... 73 7.2 Future Research ................................................................................ 74 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................... 78 REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 81 BIGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................. 85 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Example of the Essence of Color ................................................... 18 Figure 4.1: The Constitution of the Domain Shared by Computational and Digital Ontology to Consciousness ............ 33 Figure 5.1: Diagram Representing the SNAP Occurrent Squishy Foot 1 .......... 41 Figure 5.2: Illustration of How One Might Associate the Temporality of Computational Ontology (the BFO) and Authentic Temporality (Presumably of Digital Ontology) ....... 42-43 Figure 6.1: Illustration of the Basic Facets of SNAP Ontologies ...................... 60 Figure 6.2: Illustration of the Basic Facets of SPAN Ontologies ...................... 61 vii ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation is to explore and analyze a domain of research thought to be shared by two areas of philosophy: computational and digital ontology. Computational ontology is philosophy used to develop information systems also called computational ontologies. Digital ontology is philosophy dealing with our understanding of Being and human existence in terms of the digital. While computational ontology accounts for reality as that which is disclosed to us by natural science—reality independent of human experience—digital ontology always begins with and refers back to the human being in its analysis of Being. The methodology in this dissertation is phenomenology. Both computational and digital ontology are represented using instrumental case studies. The findings consist of essential components shared by computational and digital ontology, the modes in which they appear, and philosophical questions to explore in future research. Ultimately, this dissertation concludes that there is a domain shared by computational and digital ontology in spite of some fundamental differences between the two. viii 1. INTRODUCTION