Cambridge University Press 0521584647 - Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the Commonwealth: An Eastern and Southern African Perspective - John Hatchard, Muna Ndulo and Peter Slinn Index More information INDEX abortion, 41 Attorney-General, 169 abuse of power, 59, 96, 122, 176, 192, Australia, 210, 226 224 access to justice, 176–77, 286 Babangida, General Ibrahim (Head of Acheampong, General I. K. (Head of State, Nigeria 1985–93), 10 State, Ghana, 1972–78), 126 Banana, Reverend Canaan (President of administrative justice, 286 Zimbabwe 1980–87), 83, 86, 89 Adrisi, Mustafa (Vice-President, Banda, Dr Hastings (President of Uganda), 261 Malawi, 1966–94), 10, 17, 18, Africa, background, 5–11 63, 64, 252, 261, 314 African Charter on Human and Bangalore Principles, 173–74, 183 Peoples’ Rights 1981, 99, 107, Bangladesh, 54 139, 150 Barotseland, 95 African Conference on Rule of Law, 277 basic structure doctrine, 43, 54–55, 64 African Parliamentarians Network Bentham, Jeremy, 265, 266 against Corruption, 238 Berlin Conference 1884, 13 AIDS, 71 bias, judiciary, 160–61 aliens, preventive detention of, 307 Bloemfontein Statement, 163 American Convention on Human Botswana Rights 1969, 283 Botswana Democratic Party, 100 Amin, Idi (President of Uganda Cabinet, 69 1971–79), 242–43, 260, 271, constitutional approval, 51 314, 320 constitutional interpretation, 318 amnesty policies, 262–68 corruption index, 236 Angola, 62 Directorate on Corruption and anti-corruption commissions, 236–38 Economic Crime, 237, 238 Anyaoku, Chief Emeka expatriate judges, 159 (Commonwealth heads of state, 16 Secretary-General 1990–2000), House of Chiefs, 126 242, 323 independence, 15 arbitrary arrest, freedom from, 286 intervention in Lesotho, 26 arbitrary detention, 286 Khama, Sir Seretse (President of Argentina, 269, 273 Botswana 1966–80), 63 Association, Freedom of, 143, Masire, Ketunile (President of 286 Botswana 1980–98), 63 Attlee, Clement (Prime Minister, UK, ombudsman, 209 1945–51), 15 parliamentary committees, 133 343 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521584647 - Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the Commonwealth: An Eastern and Southern African Perspective - John Hatchard, Muna Ndulo and Peter Slinn Index More information 344 index Botswana (cont.) and devolution, 190 presidential elections, 61 governance, 14–15 presidential powers, 58 indirect rule, 15, 95, 190, 319 presidential tenure, 63 judiciary, 151–52, 162 quasi-emergency powers, 288 legacy, 7, 13–15, 190, 311–13, removal of presidents, 74 323 states of emergency, 278 use of colonial penal codes, 80 unchanged constitution, 22 use of traditional leaders, 199, 319 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (UN colonial states, 13 Secretary-General), 114 commissions of inquiry, 160, 270–72 Brazil, 273 Commonwealth bribery, 146, 148, 219, 238 and 2002 Zimbabwe elections, 119–20 Cabinets, 67–72, 314 election observer groups, 114, Cameroon, 11 115–16, 117, 315–16 Canada, 201, 204, 210, 235 freedom of information, 80 capable states, meaning, 9 and gender equality, 127 capital punishment, 46–47, 54, 180–81, Harare Declaration 1991, 3–4, 230, 318 9–11, 22, 24, 42, 208, 317 Catholic Church, 41 and human rights, 173 Catholic Commission for Justice and judicial service commissions, 154 Peace, 262, 264 legal education, 176 centralisation of power, 193, 319–20 media freedom, 80 Chad, 273 membership, 11 Chaskalson, A. (Chief Justice of South path to good governance, 323–24 Africa, 2001–), 183 Principles, 3, 9–11, 24, 164, 167, Chesoni, Z. (Chief Justice of Kenya, 169 1996–99), 111 relevance of, 3–4 Chidyausiku, G., (Chief Justice of Commonwealth Human Rights Zimbabwe 2001–), 32, 161 Initiative, 215, 301 Chief Justice, 152, 156–57 Commonwealth Legal Education chiefs, 14, 96–97, 126–27, 190, 198, Association, 176, 270 319 Commonwealth Ministerial Action Children, Rights of, 223, 286 Group (CMAG), 3, 244, 323 Chile, 273 Commonwealth Parliamentary Chiluba, Frederick, (President of Association, 138 Zambia, 1991–2002), 64, 65, 71, Conscience, Freedom of, 286, 287 79, 85, 280, 314 confiscation of assets, 270 citizenship, 65 Congo (Brazzaville), 62, 154 civil disobedience, 260 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 26, 66, civil service see public service 107, 254 civil society, 258–61, 315, 322 constitution making civil supremacy principle, 240–41, 251, 1990s, 28–42 275 adoption process, 35–40 civil war, 289 approval by referendum, 40–42 Cold War, end, 22 comparative approach, 34–35 collective bargaining, 286 constituent assemblies, 36–37 Colonial Office, 15–19 consultation, 29–34 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521584647 - Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the Commonwealth: An Eastern and Southern African Perspective - John Hatchard, Muna Ndulo and Peter Slinn Index More information index345 independence constitutions, amendments. See constitutional 15–19 amendments judicial role, 161 anti-coup provisions, 247–48, legitimacy, 35 249, 270, 275, 321 overview colonial legacy, 13–15, 311–13 procedure, 28–29 contents, 23–26 constitutional amendments guardians, 55–56, 178 approval by constituent imperfections, 43, 53 assemblies, 51 judicial interpretation, 169, approval by referenda, 51–52 176–81, 318–19 basic structure doctrine, 43, judicial responses to coups, 54–55, 64 248–50 imperfections, 43, 53 lack of popular understanding, 208 inalienable rights, 53–54 and military coups, 247–50 parliamentary safeguards, 48–51 necessity, 9 procedure, 44–53 overview, 26–27 publicising, 52–53 popularity, 313–14 retrogressive amendments, 53–54 post-independence constitutions, safeguards, 43 19–21, 312 specially enhanced parliamentary process See constitution making majority, 45, 48–50 protection by civil society, 259 unamendable constitutions, reviews, 44 43–44 role, 12 weakening of fundamental search for durable constitutions, provisions, 53–55, 321 313–14 constitutional rights see also ‘Snow White’ clauses, 247–48, Fundamental Rights and 249, 270, 275, 321 Freedoms subversion, 320–22 interpretation, 176–81, 318–19 contempt of court, 168 judicial protection, 172–81 Convention against Torture and Other oversight bodies, 208 Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading suspension by emergency powers, Treatment or Punishment 1984, 286–87 139 constitutionalism corporal punishment, 318 concept, 1–2 corruption ethos of, 29, 259 anti-corruption commissions, and excessive executive power, 236–38 314–15 definition, 236 historical legacy, 13–15, 311–13 image, 6 parliamentary failures, 315–17 investigation, 219 political culture, 310–11, 322, 324 judges, 318 problems of, 308–10 magistrates’ courts staff, 162 rebirth of, 309 and one-party states, 21 search for durable constitutions, parliamentarians, 143 313–14 party funding, 103, 106 subversion of, 320–22 political monopolies, 192, 194 constitutions public procurement, 136 1990s winds of change, 22–23 coups, 241–44, 247–50, 259 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521584647 - Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the Commonwealth: An Eastern and Southern African Perspective - John Hatchard, Muna Ndulo and Peter Slinn Index More information 346 index courts martial, 257 disappearances, 267, 294 criminal libel, 288 disease, 8 cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, freedom from, Earth Summit, 311, 323 46–47, 180, 302. See also East Asia, 308 corporal punishment economic development, 308 Culliton Report, 147 economic growth, potential, 7–8 cultural activities, 286 education customary law, 200 human rights, 229, 261, 275 judges, 158, 172–73, 174 de facto governments, 248–49 legal education, 270 death penalty, 46–47, 54, 180–81, 230, members of parliament, 124 318 right to, 286, 287 decentralisation see devolution of El Salvador, 273 power elections defence procurement, 253 challenging results, 120–22 degrading treatment, 46–47, 180, 302 constituency boundaries, 111 democracy, 10, 93, 324 electoral commissions, 110–12, Denmark, 218 117 detention see preventive detention electoral systems, 108–10 detention orders, 290, 294, 298–99 fraud, 112 development programmes, 251 free and fair, 99, 107–12, 117, 315 devolution of power international observers, 114–18 case for, 185–88 media role, 113–14 colonial legacy, 190 monitoring, 114–20, 315–16 costs, 189 parties see political parties dispute resolution, 205–07 presidents, 60–63 divided model of governance, 201 proportional representation, 63, division of powers, 200–03 94, 109 drawbacks, 188–89 voter education, 113–14 economic benefits, 187–88 voting rights, 99 failures, 319–20 Westminster model, 108–09 issues, 192–200 emergency powers levels of government, 184 abuse, 74, 276, 282–85, 321 political benefits, 186–87 military tribunals, 256 and post-independence preventive detention, 289–301 governments, 190–92 quasi-emergency laws, 278, role of traditional institutions, 287–88 198–200 suspension of constitutional rural/urban divide, 192–93 rights, 286–87 share model of governance, environmental rights, 286, 287 200–01 Equality, Right to, 127–29, 138, 163–64, taxation, 197, 203–05 199–200, 215, 286, 316, 319 trends, 184, 185 ethnicity, 20, 25, 62–63, 101, 102, 188, viability of units, 197–98 315 dictatorships, post-independence, European Convention on Human 96–97 Rights and Fundamental disabled persons, 125 Freedoms 1950, 283 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521584647 - Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the Commonwealth: An Eastern and Southern African Perspective