The Dutch Language in Britain (1550–1702) Brill’s Studies in Language, Cognition and Culture Series Editors Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (Cairns Institute, James Cook University) R.M.W. Dixon (Cairns Institute, James Cook University) N.J. Enfield (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) VOLUME 10 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bslc The Dutch Language in Britain (1550–1702) A Social History of the Use of Dutch in Early Modern Britain By Christopher Joby LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Stadholder William ii and Mary Henrietta Stuart by Anthony van Dijk. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Joby, Christopher. The Dutch language in Britain (1550–1702) : a social history of the use of Dutch in early modern Britain / by Christopher Joby. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-90-04-28518-7 (hardback : alk. paper) — isbn 978-90-04-28521-7 (e-book) 1. Dutch language— Social aspects—Great Britain. 2. Multilingualism—Great Britain—History. 3. Dutch language—History— 16th century. 4. Dutch language—History—17th century. 5. Dutch language—History—18th century. 6. Great Britain—History—1485– i. Title. PF74.75.J63 2015 439.31’0941—dc23 2014043020 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1879-5412 isbn 978-90-04-28518-7 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28521-7 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. 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To Marijke van der Wal and Ton Harmsen Two Constant Sources of Help, Advice and Inspiration ⸪ Contents Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations xiii List of Illustrations xiv Prologue 1 1 Dutch in Early Modern England: An Introduction 13 1.1 Introduction 13 1.2 Terminology 14 1.3 Sources 16 1.4 The People Who Knew Dutch in Early Modern England 21 1.4.1 Dutch Communities in England 21 1.4.2 Temporary Dutch Visitors to England 45 1.4.3 English People Who Knew Dutch 53 1.5 Conclusion 55 2 Dutch in the Church 56 2.1 Introduction 56 2.2 Dutch Church Congregations in Early Modern England: A Chronology 57 2.2.1 The Sixteenth Century 58 2.2.2 The Seventeenth Century 72 2.2.3 Other Religious Communities 83 2.3 Written Dutch in the Church Domain 86 2.3.1 Correspondence 86 2.3.2 Meeting Minutes 95 2.3.3 Church Registers 98 2.3.4 Simeon Ruytinck’s Treatise on an Agape Meal 102 2.3.5 Memorials and Inscriptions 103 2.3.6 Books Printed in Dutch 107 2.3.7 Concluding Remarks on Written Dutch in the Church Domain 118 2.4 Spoken Dutch in the Church Domain: A Chronology 119 2.4.1 The Sixteenth Century 119 2.4.2 The Seventeenth Century 123 2.4.3 The Eighteenth Century 129 2.5 Conclusion 130 viii contents 3 Work and the Government of the Dutch Communities 132 3.1 Introduction 132 3.2 The Use of Dutch in the Work Domain 132 3.2.1 Textiles 133 3.2.2 Printing 140 3.2.3 Drainage and Engineering 144 3.2.4 Fishermen and other Sailors 148 3.2.5 Merchants 151 3.2.6 Other Working Environments 157 3.2.7 Dutch Loanwords in English in the Work Domain 160 3.3 The Government of the Dutch Communities 161 3.3.1 The politicke mannen in Norwich 162 3.3.2 The politicke mannen in other Dutch Communities 169 3.4 Conclusion 171 4 Learning and the Home 172 4.1 Introduction 172 4.2 The Domain of Learning 173 4.2.1 The Education of the Children in Dutch Communities in England 173 4.2.2 Further Education 184 4.2.3 Cornelis Drebbel: A Case Apart 191 4.2.4 The Royal Society 192 4.2.5 Materials for Learning Dutch 194 4.2.6 Dutch Books in Private and Public Collections 197 4.2.7 Concluding Remarks on Learning 200 4.3 The Domestic Domain 201 4.3.1 Personal Letters 201 4.3.2 Wills 221 4.3.3 Household Inventories 225 4.3.4 Other Evidence of Written Dutch in the Domestic Domain 225 4.3.5 Concluding Remarks on Written Dutch in the Domestic Domain 227 4.3.6 Spoken Dutch in the Domestic Domain 227 4.4 Dutch Words in English Dialects 232 4.5 Conclusion 233 5 The Court, Diplomacy and the Military 234 5.1 Introduction 234 5.2 The Diplomatic Domain 235 contents ix 5.2.1 The Written Use of Dutch in the Diplomatic Domain 236 5.2.2 The Spoken Use of Dutch in the Diplomatic Domain 251 5.2.3 English Diplomats Who Knew Dutch 251 5.3 Dutch at Court 254 5.3.1 Elizabeth I 255 5.3.2 James I 256 5.3.3 Charles I 257 5.3.4 Charles II 259 5.3.5 The Commonwealth 260 5.3.6 William III 261 5.4 The Military Domain 271 5.5 Dutch in the Navy 276 5.6 Conclusion 280 6 Dutch Literature 282 6.1 Introduction 282 6.2 Dutch Verse in Early Modern England 283 6.2.1 The Refereyn 283 6.2.2 Dutch Sonnets in Sixteenth-Century England 285 6.2.3 Jacobus Colius 289 6.2.4 Jan Cruso 292 6.2.5 Jan Proost 295 6.2.6 Constantijn Huygens 296 6.2.7 Abraham Booth 307 6.2.8 Franciscus Junius 309 6.2.9 Jan Six van Chandelier 309 6.2.10 Johannes Vollenhove 310 6.2.11 John Lagniel: Author of Two Dutch Songs 312 6.2.12 English Poets Writing Dutch 312 6.2.13 Concluding Remarks 314 6.3 Dutch in Plays 315 6.3.1 Thomas Dekker 316 6.4 Dutch in Works of Prose 322 6.4.1 Johannes Radermacher’s Grammar 323 6.4.2 The Prose of Emanuel van Meteren, Simeon Ruytinck and Jacobus Colius 325 6.4.3 Travelogues and Journals 327 6.4.4 The Prose of Lucas d’Heere 336 6.4.5 Dutch Learners and Dictionaries 337 6.5 Translations Into and Out of Dutch 337 6.6 Conclusion 342 x contents 7 Dutch in Scotland and Wales 344 7.1 Introduction 344 7.2 The Dutch in Early Modern Scotland 345 7.2.1 The Western Isles 345 7.2.2 The Shetland and Orkney Islands 346 7.2.3 The Scottish Mainland 350 7.3 Scots in the Low Countries 354 7.4 The Use of Dutch in Scotland 356 7.4.1 The Commercial Domain 356 7.4.2 The Domestic Domain 361 7.4.3 The Church Domain 364 7.4.4 The Military Domain 367 7.4.5 Other Domains 370 7.4.6 Concluding Remarks on the Use of Dutch in Scotland 374 7.5 The Influence of Dutch on Contact Dialects in Scotland 375 7.6 Wales 376 7.6.1 Flemish in Pembrokeshire 376 7.6.2 Dutch Visitors to Wales 378 7.7 Conclusion 379 Epilogue 381 The Knowledge and Use of Dutch in Early Modern Britain 381 Histories of the Dutch Language and Histories of Language in Britain 383 Future Research Opportunities 385 Concluding Remarks 386 Appendices Appendix 1 A Selection of Dutch Poetry Written in Early Modern England 391 Appendix 2 Membership Lists of the London Dutch Church Transcribed by R.E.G. and E.F. Kirk 411 Bibliography 413 Index 441 Acknowledgements Two people to whom I am particularly indebted in writing this book are Professor Marijke van der Wal and Dr. Ton Harmsen. Marijke is Professor of Dutch at Leiden University. She has helped me in various ways during my career as a neerlandicus, in particular with my translations of some of Constantijn Huygens’ poetry published in 2008 and more recently by inviting me to give a paper at a Taal & Tongval colloquium in Ghent in December 2012. That paper forms the basis of the present book (Joby 2013e). Ton Harmsen has recently retired as a lecturer in Dutch literature at Leiden. He has helped me to translate two works by Vondel into English and as I have written this book, he has always been willing to offer help and advice on Dutch passages discussed in the book. For these reasons I dedicate this book to both Marijke and Ton. Another person to whom I am deeply indebted is Dr. Alastair Duke, formerly a Reader in History at Southampton University. Alastair was kind enough to read an earlier version of this book and offered me much valuable advice and encouragement. Dr. Karel Bostoen has been another constant source of advice and support in the writing of this book. Karel’s work on Johannes Radermacher’s 1568 Dutch grammar has been a particular inspiration to me as I have sought to argue for the importance of London in the history of early modern Dutch lan- guage and literature.