AN ASSOCIATIVE MODEL OF CODE SWITCHING: MANDARIN-TAIWANESE CODE SWITCHING IN SPOKEN MEDIA DISCOURSE IN TAIWAN By YISHIUAN LIN Bachelor of Business Administration in Tourism Ming Chuan University Taoyuan, Taiwan 2003 Master of Arts in English Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2010 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 2015 AN ASSOCIATIVE MODEL OF CODE SWITCHING: MANDARIN-TAIWANESE CODE SWITCHING IN SPOKEN MEDIA DISCOURSE IN TAIWAN Dissertation Approved: Dr. Dennis Preston Dissertation Adviser Dr. Carol Moder Dr. An Cheng Dr. Denise Blum ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would never have been able to finish my dissertation without the gracious assistance and guidance of my dissertation adviser and my committee members, the generous support and help from my interviewees, my friends, and my family, and unconditional love from Chiu, Shu-jo. First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my dissertation adviser, Dr. Dennis Preston. Dr. Preston has patiently provided valuable guidance and feedback on the codeswitching-related studies that I have conducted. His insightful feedback and suggestions on the studies and the dissertation have made a tremendous impact on me academically and intellectually. I admire him for his profound knowledge and wisdom. I would also like to express my appreciation to my committee members, Dr. Carol Moder, Dr. An Cheng, and Dr. Denise Blum. I could never thank Dr. Moder enough for her valuable insight, helpful guidance, and continuous encouragement. I am also grateful to Dr. Cheng for his practical and useful suggestions on the direction of the dissertation. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Blum for her gracious support and constructive comments. I would also like to express my gratitude to my interviewees who contributed their valuable time to let me interview them. Without their kindness and involvement, I would never have been able to obtain invaluable information, and the dissertation would never have been possible. Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my friends, my family, and Chiu, Shu-jo in Taiwan. They have been greatly supportive throughout the years of my academic pursuit in the United States. Without their unconditional love and support, I could never have achieved what I have achieved and could never have grown into the person I am today. Without them, the completion of the dissertation would have been meaningless. Hence, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to them. iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. Name: YISHIUAN LIN Date of Degree: MAY, 2015 Title of Study: AN ASSOCIATIVE MODEL OF CODE SWITCHING: MANDARIN- TAIWANESE CODE SWITCHING IN SPOKEN MEDIA DISCOURSE IN TAIWAN Major Field: ENGLISH Abstract: This dissertation proposes an associative model of CS to analyze the phenomena of code switching (CS). Specifically, the associative model of CS is applied to speakers’ use of Taiwanese in Mandarin-dominant spoken media discourse. Gumperz’s (Blom & Gumperz, 1972; Gumperz, 1982) and Myers-Scotton’s (1993a) theoretical foundation is used as a basis for the associative model of CS. The associative model of CS emphasizes the important role of association in language switching and includes two types of language switching: code switching and utterance switching. With regard to the two types of language switching, the association Taiwanese or a Taiwanese utterance has can occur at the community, activity, and individual levels. With regard to communicative effects, the association Taiwanese or a Taiwanese utterance has at various levels is motivationally relevant to envisioning the use of Taiwanese or the Taiwanese utterance to create certain communicative effects, which in turn are realized by switching to Taiwanese or the Taiwanese utterance. The associative model of CS is examined by 50 CS cases collected in this dissertation, along with the comparison with Gumperz’s, Auer’s (1984), and Myers- Scotton’s theoretical notions, by the CS examples presented in previous CS studies in Taiwan, and by eight Taiwanese interviewees’ responses to 10 CS cases collected in this dissertation. The findings of the dissertation suggest that the associative model of CS can effectively explain various CS cases presented in this study and in previous CS studies in Taiwan as well as the interviewees’ views about CS. This dissertation contributes to the sociolinguistics field by proposing the associative model of CS and addressing the problem of applying various theories in different CS studies as well as to the CS research in Taiwan in a way that it provides another perspective in explaining speakers’ use of CS in Mandarin-dominant spoken media discourse, which has not received sufficient research attention. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 Research Purpose and Linguistic Practices Analyzed .............................................1 Research Purpose ...............................................................................................1 Language Practice Analyzed..............................................................................3 CS between Mandarin and Taiwanese ........................................................3 CS and Borrowing .......................................................................................4 Literature Review.....................................................................................................4 Review of the Literature on CS Studies in Taiwan............................................4 Theoretical Explanations of CS .......................................................................10 Bell’s Audience Design ...........................................................................10 Gumperz’s Theoretical Notions ................................................................12 Auer’s Theoretical Notions .......................................................................13 Myers-Scotton’s Theoretical Notions .......................................................14 The Possibility of the Inadequacy of the Theoretical Explanations ..........16 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................17 Differences between Gumperz’s and Myers-Scotton’s Notions ...............17 The Theoretical Foundation Shared by Gumperz and Myers-Scotton .....18 Theoretical Framework of This Study ......................................................18 Methodology ..........................................................................................................26 II. GEOGRAPHIC, HISTORICAL, AND LANGUAGE USE BACKGROUNDS OF THE RESEARCH SITE ........................................................................................28 Geographic Background of Taiwan .......................................................................28 Brief Historical Background/Language Development in Taiwan before 1945 .....30 Brief Historical Background and Language Development in Taiwan from 1945 to 1987........................................................................................................................32 Brief Historical Background and Language Development in Taiwan after 1987 .34 The Context of the Study: A TV Talk Show .........................................................36 A Brief Introduction of the TV Talk Show, the Host and Guests ....................36 The Reason for Choosing the TV Talk Show ..................................................37 The Layout of the Talk Show ..........................................................................37 The Procedure of the Talk Show .....................................................................38 The Audience of the Talk Show ......................................................................39 v Chapter Page III. THE ROLE OF ASSOCIATION IN MANDARIN-TAIWANESE CS IN A TV TALK SHOW ........................................................................................................40 Introduction ............................................................................................................40 Data Collection ......................................................................................................41 The Micro- and Macro-Analysis of the Mandarin-Taiwanese CS Data ................42 Findings..................................................................................................................46 The Association between Taiwanese and Something ......................................48 Community-level association ....................................................................48 Activity-level association ..........................................................................95 Individual-level association ....................................................................104 Summary .................................................................................................131 The Association between Taiwanese Utterances and Something ..................133 Community-level association ..................................................................134 Activity-level association ........................................................................181 Summary .................................................................................................187