:+2:,//6$9(7+(5('+($'6"72:$5'6$1 $17,%8//<7+(25<2)-8',&,$/5(9,(:$1' 3527(&7,212)'(02&5$&< <DQLY5R]QDL Dedicated in memory of Israeli Supreme Court Justice Mishael Cheshin, a brilliant jurist; bold protector of democracy and judi- cial independence; and a redhead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³5HIRUPD&RQVWLWXFLRQDO\'HIHQVDGHOD'HPRFUDFLD´KHOGLQ2YLHGRIURPWKHWKWRWKHVW RI0D\DQGSXEOLVKHGLQ6SDQLVKLQWKHERRN³5HIRUPD&RQVWLWXFLRQDO\'HIHQVDGHOD 'HPRFUDFLD´E\WKH&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV3ROtWLFRV\&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHVDOORIZKLFKKDVEHHQSRV VLEOHWKDQNVWRWKHUHVHDUFKJUDQWRIWKH6SDQLVK0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRP\DQG&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV 0,1(&2'(53,ZLVKWRWKDQN%HQLWR$ODH]&RUUDOIRULQYLWLQJPHWRMRLQWKLV LPSRUWDQWSURMHFWRQFRQVWLWXWLRQDODPHQGPHQWVDQGWKHGHIHQVHRIGHPRFUDF\$QHDUOLHUYHUVLRQ ZDVDOVRSUHVHQWHGDWWKH&RPSDUDWLYH&RQVWLWXWLRQDO/DZ5HVHDUFK6HPLQDU &KLQHVH8QLYHUVLW\ RI+RQJ.RQJ2FWREHU &HQWHUIRU&RPSDUDWLYHDQG3XEOLF/DZ6HPLQDU 7KH8QLYHU VLW\RI+RQJ.RQJ2FWREHU 3XEOLF/DZ6HPLQDUDW+HEUHZ8QLYHUVLW\ -DQXDU\ 0LQHUYD&HQWHUIRUWKH5XOHRI/DZ8QGHU([WUHPH&RQGLWLRQV6HPLQDU 8QLYHUVLW\RI +DLID-DQXDU\ ,&216,/$QQXDO&RQIHUHQFH 8QLYHUVLW\RI+DLID0DUFK DQG7HO$YLY8QLYHUVLW\3XEOLF/DZ6HPLQDU 0D\ ,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKHRUJD QL]HUVDQGSDUWLFLSDQWVIRUFRPPHQWV6SHFLDOWKDQNVDUHGXHWR5HKDQ$EH\UDWQH0DUD 0DODJRGL1JRF6RQ%XL$OEHUW&KDQ3R-HQ<DS'DYLG/DZDQG3XL<LQ/R,ZRXOGDOVR OLNHWRWKDQN$PLU)XFKV7DUXQ.KDLWDQ7RP*LQVEXUJ,VDDP%LQ+DULV$EGXUUDFKPDQ6DWULR 5LR 6WHIDQR&LYLWDUHVH0DWWHXFFL5LFKDUG$OEHUW1DGLY0RUGHFKD\0DUWLQ%HORY'RUHHQ /XVWLJ<LVKDL%ODQN7DPDU+RVWRYVN\%UDQGHV0DUJLW&RKQDQG3HGUR$UFDLQ5LFFHWWRIRU DVVLVWDQFHWKURXJKRXWWKHSURMHFW,WKDQN.HVKHW%HUNRIRUZRQGHUIXOUHVHDUFKDVVLVWDQFHDQG WKHHGLWRUVRIWKHWilliam & Mary Bill of Rights JournalDQGHVSHFLDOO\$QQD3HVHWVNL0HDJDQ )ORUD(OL]DEHWK+DUWHDQG7HDJDQ%RGDIRUWKHLUKDUGDQGH[FHOOHQWZRUN$OOPLVWDNHVDUH PLQHRIFRXUVH :,//,$0 0$5<%,//2)5,*+76-2851$/ >9RO 8VLQJFRPSDUDWLYHH[DPSOHVWKH$UWLFOHGHPRQVWUDWHVKRZFRXUWVFDQLQGHHGIXQF WLRQDVDXVHIXOVWRSVLJQRUVSHHGEXPSDJDLQVWDWWHPSWVWRHURGHWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDO RUGHU6LQFHDFHQWUDOIHDWXUHRIGHPRFUDWLFHURVLRQLVFRXUWFDSWXULQJSDFNLQJRU WKUHDWHQLQJWKLV$UWLFOHEXLOGVRQDQWLEXOO\WKHRULHVWRSURSRVHDQ³DQWLEXOO\ WKHRU\RIMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ´ZKLFKSRVLWVWKDWWKHMXGLFLDU\VKRXOGQHLWKHUJRGRZQ WKHEXQNHUQRUUHWDOLDWHWKHFRQIURQWDWLRQEXWWU\DVPXFKDVSRVVLEOHWRDFWDVWKRXJK HYHU\WKLQJLV³EXVLQHVVDVXVXDO´ $WLWVFRUHWKLV$UWLFOHDUJXHVWKDWFRXUWVKDYHDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQSURWHFWLQJ GHPRFUDF\DJDLQVWFRQVWLWXWLRQDOUHIRUPVHURGLQJWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDORUGHUDQGWKDW FRXUWVVKRXOGVWDQGILUPDJDLQVWSUHVVXUHVRWKH\FDQGRWKHLUEHVWWRSURWHFWGHPRF UDF\HYHQLIWKH\FDQQRWVDYHGHPRFUDF\RQWKHLURZQ ,1752'8&7,21 , :+$77<3(2)'(02&5$&<$5(:(723527(&7" ,, :+2:,//6$9(7+(5('+($'6" A. The False Dichotomy of Democratic Failure B. Judicial Review as a Useful Speed Bump or Stop Sign C. Judicial Review and the Sword of Damocles ,,, :+2&$167237+('"72:$5'6$1$17,%8//<7+(25<2)-8',&,$/ 5(9,(: &21&/86,21 ,1752'8&7,21 &RQVWLWXWLRQDOGHPRFUDFLHVDURXQGWKHZRUOGDUHLQDFULVLV(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV WKDWZHUHFRQVLGHUHGXQWLOUHFHQWO\VWDEOHGHPRFUDFLHVDUHIDFLQJ³GHPRFUDWLFEDFN VOLGLQJ´DQGVFKRODUO\ZRUNKDVEHJXQWRH[SORUHZKHWKHUWKHGHPRFUDF\LQWKH 86LVLQGDQJHU7KH)UHHGRP+RXVH5HSRUWIRUH[DPSOHLQGLFDWHVWKDW See generally, e.g. &2167,787,21$/ '(02&5$&< ,1 &5,6,6" 0DUN $ *UDEHU 6DQIRUG/HYLQVRQ 0DUN7XVKQHWHGV 67(9(1/(9,76.< '$1,(/=,%/$77+2: '(02&5$&,(6',( '$9,'581&,0$1+2:'(02&5$&<(1'6 <$6&+$ 0281.7+(3(23/(96'(02&5$&<:+<285)5(('20,6,1'$1*(5$1'+2:726$9( ,7 :,//,$0 $ *$/6721 $17,3/85$/,60 7+( 3238/,67 7+5($7 72 /,%(5$/ '(02&5$&< See generally, e.g.3$8/%/2..(51(:'(02&5$&,(6,1&5,6,6"$&203$5$7,9( &2167,787,21$/ 678'< 2) 7+( &=(&+ 5(38%/,& +81*$5< 32/$1' 520$1,$ $1' 6/29$.,$ 7+((1)25&(0(172)(8/$:$1'9$/8(6(1685,1*0(0%(567$7(6¶ &203/,$1&( $QGUiV-DNDE 'LPLWU\.RFKHQRYHGV $1'5È6/3$3'(02&5$7,& '(&/,1(,1+81*$5</$:$1'62&,(7<,1$1,//,%(5$/'(02&5$&< :2-&,(&+ 6$'856.,32/$1'¶6&2167,787,21$/%5($.'2:1 See generally, e.g.5REHUW0LFNH\6WHYHQ/HYLWVN\ /XFDQ$KPDG:D\Is America Still Safe for Democracy?: Why the United States is in Danger of Backsliding)25(,*1 $))6 @ :+2:,//6$9(7+(5('+($'6" PDUNHGDVHULRXVFULVLVRIGHPRFUDF\DQGUHFRUGHGWKHWKLUWHHQWKFRQVHFXWLYH\HDURI GHFOLQHLQJOREDOIUHHGRPDVVL[W\HLJKWFRXQWULHVVXIIHUHGIURPGHFOLQHLQFLYLODQG SROLWLFDOULJKWV'HPRFUDF\DURXQGWKHZRUOGLVEHLQJHURGHG 7RP*LQVEXUJDQG$]L]+XTGHILQHGHPRFUDWLFHURVLRQ³DVDSURFHVVRILQFUHPHQ WDOEXWXOWLPDWHO\VWLOOVXEVWDQWLDOGHFD\LQWKHWKUHHEDVLFSUHGLFDWHVRIGHPRFUDF\— FRPSHWLWLYHHOHFWLRQVOLEHUDOULJKWVWRVSHHFKDQGDVVRFLDWLRQDQGWKHUXOHRIODZ´ 7KH\H[SODLQWKDW³HURVLRQGRHVQRWtypicallyUHVXOWLQIXOOEORZQDXWKRULWDULDQLVP ,QVWHDGLWVRXWFRPHLVVRPHIRUPRIFRPSHWLWLYHDXWKRULWDULDQLVPLQZKLFKHOHF WLRQVRIDVRUWRFFXUZKHUHOLEHUDOULJKWVWRVSHHFKDQGDVVRFLDWLRQDUHQRWZKROO\ VWLIOHGDQGZKHUHWKHUHLVVRPHVHPEODQFHRIWKHUXOHRIODZ´$VWKH\GHPRQVWUDWH VXFKSURFHVVHVDUHWDNLQJSODFHLQYDULRXVFRXQWULHVVXFKDV+XQJDU\3RODQGDQG 9HQH]XHOD7KLVLVWKHJOREDOFRQWH[WIRUWKLV$UWLFOHWKRXJKWKHUHLVDOVRDORFDO FRQWH[WDVDFDVHVWXG\,QUHFHQW\HDUV,VUDHOKDVZLWQHVVHGDSURFHVVRIFRXQWHU FRQVWLWXWLRQDOUHYROXWLRQLQUHVSRQVHWRWKHOLEHUDOFRQVWLWXWLRQDOUHYROXWLRQLQWKH V,WLV³LQWKHPLGVWRIDQLQWHQWLRQDOOHJLVODWLYHDQGSROLWLFDOSURFHVVZKLFKDLPV WRZHDNHQDQGFLUFXPYHQWGHPRFUDWLFFKHFNVDQGEDODQFHVDQGOLEHUDOGHPRFUDWLF SULQFLSOHV´7KHUHDUHDPRQJRWKHUGHYHORSPHQWVGHVFULEHGOHQJWKLO\HOVHZKHUH PDQLIROGDWWHPSWVWRUHIRUPWKHMXGLFLDU\VXFKDV SURSRVDOVWROLPLWWKHFRXUW¶V DXWKRULW\WRUHYLHZDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDFWLRQVEDVHGRQWKH³UHDVRQDEOHQHVV´GRFWULQH SURSRVDOVWROLPLWVWDQGLQJEHIRUHWKHFRXUW VHULRXVGLVFXVVLRQVRQLQVHUWLQJ DQ³RYHUULGHFODXVH´WR%DVLF/DZ+XPDQ'LJQLW\DQG/LEHUW\ZKLFKZRXOGDOORZ DPDMRULW\RI.QHVVHW0HPEHUVWRHQDFWOHJLVODWLRQQRWZLWKVWDQGLQJLWVXQFRQVWLWX WLRQDOLW\ SURSRVDOVWRFKDQJHWKHZD\MXGJHVDUHDSSRLQWHGDQGPRUH$OWKRXJK PDQ\RIWKHH[DPSOHVDUHIURP,VUDHOWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWLVGUDZQLVDSSOLFDEOHWR PDQ\—LIQRWDOO—RIWKHFDVHVRIGHPRFUDWLFFULVHVZHDUHZLWQHVVLQJ Freedom in the World2019)5(('20+286( KWWSVIUHHGRPKRXVHRUJVLWHV GHIDXOWILOHV)HEB)+B),7:BB5HSRUWB)RU:HEFRPSUHVVHGSGI>KWWSVSHUPDFF 6(10'/@ 9DULRXVWHUPVKDYHUHFHQWO\EHHQXVHGWRH[SUHVVWKLVFULVLVGHPRFUDWLF³GHFD\´ ³GHFOLQH´³HURVLRQ´³UHWURJUHVVLRQ´³URW´RU³EDFNVOLGLQJ´See generally7RP*HUDOG'DO\ Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field+$*8(-2158/(/ 720*,16%85* $=,==+84+2:726$9($&2167,787,21$/'(02&5$&< HPSKDVLVRPLWWHG Id.DW Id.DW± See generally, e.g.1DGLY0RUGHFKD\ <DQLY5R]QDLAJewish and (Declining) Democratic State? Constitutional Retrogression in Israel0'/5(9 *LOD6WRSOHUConstitutional Capture in Israel,17¶/-&2167/%/2* $XJ KWWSZZZLFRQQHFWEORJFRPFRQVWLWXWLRQDOFDSWXUHLVUDHO>KWWSVSHUPDFF 4%1&51@ 7KHVHSURFHVVHVDUHIXOO\GHVFULEHGLQ0RUGHFKD\ 5R]QDLsupra QRWHDW± <DQLY5R]QDLIsrael: A Crisis of Liberal Democracy?in&2167,787,21$/'(02&5$&<,1 &5,6,6"supraQRWHDW± :,//,$0 0$5<%,//2)5,*+76-2851$/ >9RO ,QGHHGDJDLQVWWKHEDFNGURSRIWKLVJOREDODQGORFDOFRQWH[WWKLV$UWLFOHH[SORUHV WKHPRUHJHQHUDOTXHVWLRQFDQFRXUWVSURWHFWGHPRFUDF\WKURXJKMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ" ,WZLOOIRFXVHVSHFLDOO\RQDSDUWLFXODUW\SHRIMXGLFLDOH[HUFLVH—MXGLFLDOUHYLHZRI IRUPDO FRQVWLWXWLRQDO DPHQGPHQWV E\ XVLQJ WKH ³XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO FRQVWLWXWLRQDO DPHQGPHQWVGRFWULQH´DULVLQJSKHQRPHQRQLQUHFHQW\HDUV 7KURXJKRXWWKHGLVFXVVLRQWKLV$UWLFOHVHHNVWRKLJKOLJKWDQGDQDO\]HWKUHH FHQWUDOWHQVLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQFRXUWVDQGWKHSURWHFWLRQRI GHPRFUDF\,QOLJKWRIFRQIOLFWLQJYLVLRQVRIGHPRFUDF\WKDWUHIOHFWWKHEDVLFWHQVLRQ LQWKHFULVLVRIGHPRFUDF\²ZKHWKHUGHPRFUDF\LVSXUHO\IRUPDODVUHIOHFWLQJWKH PDMRULW\¶VZLOORUZKHWKHUWKHUHDUHVXEVWDQWLYHYDOXHVZKLFKWUXPSPDMRULWDULDQ GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ²3DUW,DVNVZKDWW\SHRIGHPRFUDF\DUHZHWRSURWHFW"3DUW,, GHPRQVWUDWHVKRZMXGLFLDOUHYLHZRIFRQVWLWXWLRQDODPHQGPHQWVPD\DVVLVWLQSUR WHFWLQJGHPRFUDF\%\VRGRLQJLWDOVRH[SRVHVWKHIDOVHGLFKRWRP\RIVRPHRIWKH REMHFWLRQVWRMXGLFLDOUHYLHZZKLFKDUJXHWKDWMXGLFLDOUHYLHZZRXOGEHKHOSOHVVLQ SURWHFWLQJGHPRFUDF\DJDLQVWDFRUUXSWHGVRFLHW\WKDWQRORQJHUZLVKHVWREHD GHPRFUDWLFRQH$GGLWLRQDOO\LWH[DPLQHVWKHDQWLFLSDWRU\HIIHFWRIMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ RQFRQVWLWXWLRQDODPHQGPHQWVDQGLWVDELOLW\WRSURWHFWGHPRFUDF\GXULQJWKHHDUO\ VWDJHRIWKHOHJLVODWLYHSURFHVV)LQDOO\VLQFHDFHQWUDOIHDWXUHRIGHPRFUDWLFHURVLRQ LVFRXUWFDSWXULQJSDFNLQJRUWKUHDWHQLQJ3DUW,,,DVNVZKDWFRXUWVVKRXOGGR ZKHQWKH\DUHXQGHUSROLWLFDOSUHVVXUH5HVHPEOLQJVFHQDULRVRIGHDOLQJZLWKEXOOLHV LWSURSRVHVDQDQWLEXOO\WKHRU\RIMXGLFLDOUHYLHZDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHMXGLFLDU\ VKRXOGQHLWKHUJRGRZQWKHEXQNHUQRUUHWDOLDWHWKHFRQIURQWDWLRQEXWWU\DVPXFK DVSRVVLEOHWRDFW³EXVLQHVVDVXVXDO´ ,:+$77<3(2)'(02&5$&<$5(:(723527(&7" ,QDSXEOLFVSHHFKWKH+XQJDULDQ3ULPH0LQLVWHU9LFWRU2UEiQGHFODUHG ³>7@KHQHZVWDWHWKDWZHDUHFRQVWUXFWLQJLQ+XQJDU\LVDQLOOLEHUDOVWDWHDQRQOLEHUDO VWDWH,WGRHVQRWUHMHFWWKHIXQGDPHQWDOSULQFLSOHVRIOLEHUDOLVPVXFKDVIUHHGRP EXWLQVWHDGLQFOXGHVDGLIIHUHQWVSHFLDOQDWLRQDODSSURDFK´7KXVWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ IURPDOLEHUDOGHPRFUDF\WRDQLOOLEHUDOVWDWHVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQDQH[SOLFLWJRDORIWKH UHJLPH7KLVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQZKLFKKDVWDNHQSODFHLQUHFHQW\HDUVZHDNHQHGFKHFNV 2QWKHLQFUHDVLQJWUHQGRIMXGLFLDOO\UHYLHZLQJFRQVWLWXWLRQDOQRUPVsee generally<$1,9 52=1$,81&2167,787,21$/&2167,787,21$/$0(1'0(1767+(/,0,762)$0(1'0(17 32:(56 .(0$/*g=/(5-8',&,$/5(9,(:2)&2167,787,21$/$0(1'0(176$ &203$5$7,9(678'< See$+$521%$5$.7+(-8'*(,1$'(02&5$&<±