Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69142-0 - The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals Stephen Frederic Dale Index More information Index ‘Abbasid Caliphate 10, 12, 14 Agra fort 136 ‘Abbasid Caliphs 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 21, 22, Ahmednagar, conquered by Shah Jahan 205 33; see also Baghdad, Buyids Aibak, Indian ghulam general 22 Harun al-Rashid 13 Aleppo, Saljuq rule in 40 denounced by Shah Tahmasp 91 Alexandria, Saljuq trade with 41 legitimacy 11 ‘Ali/Shi‘i Imam 12; see also Imams, Safavid al-Ma’mun 14 Empire, Shi‘as al-Mansur 13 ‘Ali b. Muhammad al-Kushdi, Timurid al-Muntasir 22 astronomer in Istanbul 83 al-Mu’tasim 16 Ali Qapu palace, Isfahan 136; see also Isfahan murdered by Mongols 46 Amasya, Anatolia, Sultan Bayezid II mosque pretenders, in Egypt 30 140; see also architecture, resurgence. in twelfth century 40 Ottoman Saljuqs welcomed 33, 34 Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, Indo-Persian poet Sunnis 12 28, 29, 30, 42, 101 ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, Sufi pir, see Ottoman Chishti Sufi allegiance 30 emperors, Süleyman fame in Persianate world 29 ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muslim fundamentalist 281 Hindu pantheism 30 Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Prophet’s companion, India, “paradise on earth,” 29 attacks Constantinople 79 Khurasan, comparison with India 29 Abu’l Fazl ‘Allami, see Mughal emperors, panegyric poems 29 Akbar Sufi ghazals 29 Abu Sa‘id ibn Abi’l Khair, Iranian Sufi 36, verse forms 29 37, 38, 65 Amu Darya River, Mawarannahr 40 biography of 36 Anatolia/ Rum, pre-Ottoman history 10, 11, 15 comparison with later Sufis 36 Greek orthodox population 25 criticizes orthodoxy 36 Oghuz nomads in 33, 41 khangah institution 36 Saljuqs in 40; see also Saljuqs hajj, rejects significance of 36 Shah-nama,influence in 20 music in devotions 36 Sunni Islam in 33 orthodox ‘ulama offended 36 Sunni madrasasin35 Persian devotional verse 36 Turks in 17, 33 Quran, mystical meaning 36 Ankara, Battle of 47, 73; see also Ottoman Achaemenid Iran 70 Empire, Temür Aegean, Oghuz tribes reach 41 Antioch 40 Afghanistan (see also Kabul) Aq Quyunlu Turks 49, 52, 63; see also Ghaznavid rule 21 “White Sheep” dynasty, Mongol invasion 24, 45, see also Balkh, Safavids, tribal dynasties Chinggis Khan, Il-Khanids conquests 64 Turks in 24 marriages with Safavid pirs 65 Afghans (see also Ludhis, Mughal Empire) painting 165 Ghaznavid troops 21 Persianate architecture 145 rulers in India 11, 22, 31 Perso-Islamic administration 64, 65 321 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69142-0 - The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals Stephen Frederic Dale Index More information 322 Index Aq Quyunlu Turks (cont.) Lahuri’s contemporary description 219 Qara Usman 64 pietra dura work 220 comparison with Chinggis Qan 64 unique features 220 succession conflicts 64 waqf endowment 221 tribal laws, Oghuz traditions 64 Temür’s tomb, example for tribal leader 64 Mughals 149 Sunni Islam 65 Ottoman: Uzun Hasan Aq Quyunlu 63, 64, Aya Sofia, architectural standard 211 82, 178 cathedral mosque 140 Yakub 67 comparison with Greek church Aq Şemseddin, Sufi pir, see Ottoman design 139 emperors, Mehmet II “domed-square” style 139, 141 Arabs (see also Arabic) Firuz Ag˘a mosque, Istanbul 140 dominance in early Islamic world 14 Green Mosque 138 ethnic groups 4 Harettin, architect 140 tribal forces 16 Iranian influence 139 Arabic kulliye complexes 138, 140, 141 language xiii, xiv, 14, 16, 42 Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo scientific language of Islam 20 invited 141 Aral Sea, Mawarannahr 40 multi-domed imperial mosques 142 architecture (see also Muslim empires) Orhon 138 glazed tiles 139 purpose 208 geographic divide between Anatolia and Qavam al-Din of Shiraz 137, 145 Iran 142 regional style 138 Islam and monumental architecture 149 Saljuq influence 140 mosque style 147 Şehzade mosque 140 Mughal classicism 219 Sinan, architect 140, 142, 208, octagonal tomb design 147 209, 219 pre-Mughal 147; Shir Shah Suri tomb, appointed by Süleyman Bihar 147 calligraphy 211 Sayyid Muhammad, Iranian architect Sunni names 211 of Humayun’s tomb 148 character of buildings 209 Shah Jahan’s buildings 208, 219, see also devshirme Christian 209 Mughal emperors, Shah Jahan imperial function 211, 212 Taj Mahal, 219 interior decoration, Iznik tiles 211 bazaars 221 Janissary training 209 comparison with Humayun’s Selimiye masjid, Edirne 209 tomb 220 Sufi khangahs 139 garden setting 221 Süleymaniye kulliye complex 212 Mughal: Sunni institutions 212 Aurangzib’s tomb 148, 149 waqf 212 Babur’s tomb 148 Süleymaniye masjid, Istanbul 209 comparison with Ottoman and Safavid Solomon’s temple 211 buildings 147 surpasses Aya Sofia 211 Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar’s mosque 147 Sultan Bayezid II mosque 140 Hasht Bihisht model 147; see also Ulucami, Bursa 140 architecture, Safavid waqfs 139 Hasht Bihisht structure 149 Yeşil Cami masjid, Bursa 140 octagonal design 149 Safavid (see also Temür and Timurids): red sandstone construction 149 after Shah ‘Abbas I 208, 216 Humayun’s tomb 148 ‘Ali Qapu palace, Isfahan 95 comparison with Ottomans and blue/turquoise tiles 143, 145 Safavids 148 calligraphy 145 comparison with Taj Mahal 149 Chihil Sutun palace, Isfahan 136, Timurid renaissance building 149 218; see also Isfahan © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69142-0 - The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals Stephen Frederic Dale Index More information Index 323 Chihil Sutun palace, Qazvin 146 subordinates Muslim clergy 60 Chini-khanah, Ardebil 146 Turkish not Muslim identity 290 Friday mosque, Isfahan 142 Aya Sophia, Istanbul: geography of Iranian influence 142 conversion from Christian cathedral 79 Hasht Bihisht/Eight Paradise palace, Azerbaijan, Iran 47 Tabriz 146 Azerbaijani/Azeri Turkish 49 Imam Riza shrine, Mashad, Iran 145 Isfahan, Shah ‘Abbas I’s new city Baba’i revolt, Anatolia 43, 52; see also 212; see also Isfahan popular piety, Turks iwan Sasanian influence 142 Baba Ishaq 43 Khadju Bridge, Isfahan 218 Safavid analogies 44, 86 Mader-i Shah complex, Isfahan 219 Babur, Zahir al-Din, see Mughal emperors masjids comparison with Ottoman Baghdad 10, 14, 18; see also ‘Abbasids buildings 214 Il-Khanid Mongols in 46 Mirak-i Sayyid Ghiyas, Iranian madrasa in 35 architect 148 occupied by Saljuqs 33, 34 Mulla Hasan-i Shirazi tomb, Sultaniya, Ottoman occupation 89; see also Ottoman Iran 146 Empire, Safavid Empire octagonal design 143 see also Mughal Turkic slaves in 16 architecture Bahmani Sultanate, India 31 Perso-Islamic style 142 independent Indo-Muslim sultanate 31 Qazvin, Shah Tahmasp’s complex 146 Iranian émigrés in 31 Safi al-Din shrine, Ardebil 146 relations with Safavids 31 Shah ‘Abbas’s reign 212 Shi‘i Muslims in Deccan, 31 Shah Sultan Husain masjid 208 Bairam Khan, see Mughal Empire Shi‘i clergy and Safavid architecture 219 Balban, Slave Sultan of Delhi 22, 24 Sih u Sih Pul bridge, Isfahan 218 Balkans (see also Ottoman conquests) Temür and Iranian architecture 143, Muslim rule in 1 144 Ottoman campaigns against 82 Timurid architecture/Iranian Barani, Zia al-Din 25, 26, 56, 57 architecture 144 Chishti Sufi 28 Uljaitu’s tomb, early Iranian style 143, critiques Hindu influence 25, 26 147 Barmakids, Iranians 14 wall paintings, Chihil Sutun palace 218 Bay of Bengal: Yazd, congregational mosque 143 Muslim rule in 1 Ardebil, Iran, Safavid Sufi shrine 48, 52, 65, Baihaqi, Ghaznavid historian 20 79, 90, 146 Beg˘liks, Oghuz principalities in Anatolia 41, Aristotle 6, 14, 19, 37, 159, 194 42; see also Ottomans, Armenians (see also Christians, Jews, millat) Karamanids Isfahan mercantile community 120 effect of Mongol invasion 45 Ottoman Empire 84 Ottoman conflicts with 51 ashura rituals, see Shi‘as Bektashi Sufis, 52 astronomy and mathematics: attacked by Mahmud II 281; see also research in fifteenth century 36 Janissaries Atalya, Anatolia, Saljuq conquest 41 Christian elements 44 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 256 comparison with Indian Naqshbandis 103 abolishes Ottoman Empire 287 doctrines 44 “Atatürk,”“Father of the Turks,” 54 Haji Bektash, founder 44 Atatürk Ghazi 55 Janissary order 44 charisma 290 popularity in Ottoman Empire 44, 183 contempt for Islam 290 resemble Baba’is 44 defeats Europeans at Gallipoli 55, 287 resemble Safavids 44 establishes Turkish Republic 287 Bengali language, 27 rejects Islamic title Padishah-i Islam 290 Bijapur sultanate, Mughal suzereinty 205, repels Europeans and Greeks 287 262, 263 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69142-0 - The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals Stephen Frederic Dale Index More information 324 Index al-Biruni, Abu Raihan 19, 20 Chishti Sufis(see also Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, Black Sea, Saljuq commerce 41 Nizam al-Din Auliya) “Black Sheep,” Oghuz tribal dynasty attitude toward conversion 28 47; see also Aq Quyunlu, Qara comparison with Indian Naqshbandis 103 Quyunlu hostile to the state 28, 66 British Empire 248 moral exemplars 28 conquest of Ottoman territories 287 Christians 39 see also Ottomans and Safavids Iran 254 fate in Saljuq era 39 Bukhara, Mawarannahr 14, 17, 19 see also in Muslim empires 4 Samanids Saljuq Iran 39 Bulgaria 61 Christians, in Muslim empires 39 (see also Bursa (see also Ottoman economy, Ottoman Armenians, Safavid emperors, Empire) Shah ‘Abbas): first Ottoman capital 48 Jesuits, see Mughal Empire Green Mosque 140 orthodox, in Ottoman Empire 84 Ottoman religious institutions 60 clerical class/‘ulama 13; see also Mughal silk trade emporium 115 Empire, Ottoman Empire threatened