Analog IC design - the obsolete book Ricardo Erckert July 2021 Contents 1 Preface 7 1.1 Using the book . 7 1.2 If you find mistakes . 8 1.3 Copying . 8 1.4 Warranty and Liability . 8 2 The top level of a chip 8 2.1 How to get the correct data of a chip . 8 2.1.1 Versioning tools . 9 2.2 System on a chip . 11 2.2.1 Where exactly is “ground”? . 12 2.2.2 Signals: If anything can go wrong it will! . 12 2.2.3 Timings . 14 2.3 Top level . 14 2.4 Hierarchy of the chip . 15 2.4.1 Analog on top . 15 2.5 Down at the bottom . 16 2.5.1 Electric . 16 2.5.2 Xcircuit . 17 3 From wafer to chip 18 3.1 Choice of the right substrate . 20 3.1.1 Junction isolated P- substrate . 20 3.1.2 Junction Isolated P+ substrate . 21 3.1.3 Junction isolated N- substrate . 22 3.1.4 Junction isolated N+ substrate . 22 3.1.5 Oxide isolated technology with N-tubs . 23 3.1.6 Oxide isolated technology with P-tubs . 26 3.2 Examples of more complex processes . 26 3.2.1 A bipolar process . 26 3.2.2 A BCD (bipolar, CMOS, DMOS) power process . 27 3.2.3 An isolated (ABCD - advanced BCD) power process . 28 3.2.4 A non volatile memory process . 29 3.2.5 State of the art (2020) digital processes . 29 3.2.6 Programmable chips . 29 4 Components 31 4.1 Wires . 31 4.1.1 Electromigration . 31 4.1.2 Resistance of a wire . 32 4.1.3 The via how to . 33 4.1.4 Wires acting as antennas . 34 4.2 Contacts . 37 4.2.1 Local interconnect . 38 4.2.2 Device matching . 38 4.2.3 Seebeck effect . 38 4.3 Resistors . 39 4.3.1 Poly silicon resistors . 39 4.3.2 Thermal Noise of a resistors . 40 4.3.3 Poly silicon resistor aging: . 40 1 4.3.4 Resistor matching . 41 4.3.5 Diffused resistors . 41 4.4 Capacitors . 41 4.4.1 Junction capacitors . 42 4.4.2 Poly silicon capacitors . 43 4.4.3 Isolated poly silicon capacitors . 43 4.4.4 Metal capacitors . 43 4.4.5 Noise of a capacitor (KTC-noise) . 44 4.4.6 Parasitic resistance . 45 4.4.7 Capacitor matching . 45 4.4.8 Maximum voltage of a capacitor . 45 4.4.9 External capacitors . 46 4.5 Inductors . 47 4.5.1 External inductors . 47 4.5.2 Transformers . 49 4.5.3 Transducers . 50 4.6 MOS transistors . 50 4.6.1 NMOS transistors . 51 4.6.2 PMOS transistors . 61 4.7 Bipolar transistors and diodes . 62 4.7.1 Bipolar Diodes . 62 4.7.2 Vertical NPN transistors . 66 4.7.3 High Voltage NPN transistors . 68 4.7.4 NPN power transistors . 71 4.7.5 Lateral NPN transistors . 71 4.7.6 PNP transistors . 73 4.7.7 Lateral PNP transistor . 73 4.8 Special devices . 74 4.8.1 Vertical DMOS . 75 4.8.2 Lateral DMOS . 76 4.8.3 High voltage PMOS . 76 4.8.4 Substrate power PNP transistor . 76 4.8.5 Substrate power DMOS . 77 4.8.6 SiC transistors . 80 4.8.7 GaN transistors . 81 4.8.8 IGBT (Isolated gate bipolar transistor) . 82 4.8.9 Thyristors . ..