60 participatory learning and action Community-based adaptation to climate change Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) – formerly The International Institute for PLA Notes and RRA Notes – is published twice a year. Environment and Development (IIED) Established in 1987, it enables practitioners of is committed to promoting social justice participatory methodologies from around the world to and the empowerment of the poor and marginalised. It share their field experiences, conceptual reflections, also supports democracy and full participation in and methodological innovations. The series is informal decision-making and governance. We strive to reflect and seeks to publish frank accounts, address issues of these values in Participatory Learning and Action. For practical and immediate value, encourage innovation, further information contact IIED, 3 Endsleigh Street, and act as a ‘voice from the field’. London WC1H 0DD, UK. Website: www.iied.org We are grateful to the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the UK This work is licensed under the Creative Department for International Development (DfID) for Commons Attribution-Non- their continued financial support of PLA. The views Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect Recipients are encouraged to use it freely for not-for- the views of the funding organisations or the employers profit purposes only. Please credit the authors and the of the authors. PLA series. To view a copy of this license, visit This special issue of PLA was produced in http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0 or collaboration with IIED’s Climate Change Group. send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, We would also like to acknowledge the support of the Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA. Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) and Practical Action for enabling the guest editors to We welcome contributions to PLA. For information provide their valuable input and expertise. and guidelines, please see the inside back cover. Subscribe Subscriptions are free to the South. For more information please contact: Research Information Ltd., Grenville Court, Britwell Road, Burnham, SL1 Participatory Learning and Action 60 8DF, UK. Email: [email protected]; © IIED, December 2009 Website: www.researchinformation.co.uk Order no: 14573IIED Cover illustration: Regina Faul-Doyle Purchase back issues Design and layout: Smith+Bell Please contact Earthprint Ltd., PO Box 119, Stevenage, Printed by: Russell Press, Nottingham, UK SG1 4TP, UK. Email: [email protected]; Website: www.earthprint.co.uk Guest editors: Hannah Reid, Terry Cannon, Rachel Berger, Mozaharul Alam, and Angela Milligan. Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) is an umbrella Editors: Holly Ashley, Nicole Kenton, and term for a wide range of approaches and Angela Milligan. methodologies, including Participatory Rural Appraisal Strategic Editorial Board: Nazneen Kanji, Cath Long, (PRA), Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Participatory Jethro Pettit, Michel Pimbert, and Learning Methods (PALM), Participatory Action David Satterthwaite. Research (PAR), Farming Systems Research (FSR), and International Editorial Advisory Board: Méthode Active de Recherche et de Planification Oga Steve Abah, Jo Abbot, Jordi Surkin Beneria, Participative (MARP). The common theme is the full Ivan Bond, L. David Brown, Andy Catley, Robert participation of people in the processes of learning Chambers, Louise Chawla, Andrea Cornwall, Bhola about their needs and opportunities, and in the action Dahal, Qasim Deiri, John Devavaram, Charlotte required to address them. Flower, FORCE Nepal, Ian Goldman, Bara Guèye, In recent years, there has been a number of shifts Irene Guijt, Marcia Hills, Enamul Huda, Vicky in the scope and focus of participation: emphasis on Johnson, Caren Levy, Sarah Levy, Zhang Linyang, sub-national, national and international decision- PJ Lolichen, Ilya M. Moeliono, Humera Malik, making, not just local decision-making; move from Marjorie Jane Mbilinyi, Ali Mokhtar, Seyed Babak projects to policy processes and institutionalisation; Moosavi, Neela Mukherjee, Trilok Neupane, Esse greater recognition of issues of difference and power; Nilsson, Zakariya Odeh, Peter Park, Bardolf Paul, and, emphasis on assessing the quality and Bimal Kumar Phnuyal, Giacomo Rambaldi, Peter understanding the impact of participation, rather than Reason, Joel Rocamora, Jayatissa Samaranayake, simply promoting participation. Participatory Madhu Sarin, Daniel Selener, Anil C Shah, Meera Learning and Action reflects these developments and Kaul Shah, Jasber Singh, Marja Liisa Swantz, recognises the importance of analysing and Cecilia Tacoli, Peter Taylor, Tom Wakeford, Eliud overcoming power differentials which work to exclude Wakwabubi, and Alice Welbourn. the already poor and marginalised. 1 Contents Editorial ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 THEME SECTION: COMMUNITY-BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE..............................9 1. Community-based adaptation to climate change: an overview Hannah Reid, Mozaharul Alam, Rachel Berger, Terry Cannon, Saleemul Huq, and Angela Milligan ....................................................................................................................................................................................11 Glossary ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................34 PART I: REFLECTIONS ON PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES AND PRACTICE ........................................39 2. Combining different knowledges: community-based climate change adaptation in small island developing states Ilan Kelman, Jessica Mercer, and Jennifer J. West ..............................................................................................41 3. Children’s participation in community-based disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change Thomas Tanner, Mercedes Garcia, Jimena Lazcano, Fatima Molina, Grace Molina, Gonzalo Rodriguez, Baltz Tribunalo, and Fran Seballos ..................................54 4. Katalysis: helping Andean farmers adapt to climate change Stephen Sherwood and Jeffery Bentley ..................................................................................................................................65 5. Ethics and methods in research for community-based adaptation: reflections from rural Vanuatu Olivia Warrick ....................................................................................................................................................................................................76 6. Participatory rice variety selection in Sri Lanka Rachel Berger, with Rohana Weregoda and Varuna Rathnabharathie ......................................88 7. Lessons from a transboundary water governance project in West Africa Sam Wong ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................99 2 60 PART II: PARTICIPATORY TOOL-BASED CASE STUDIES ......................................................................................107 8. Participatory three-dimensional mapping for disaster risk reduction Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Emmanuel A. Maceda..................................................................................109 9. Amplifying children’s voices on climate change: the role of participatory video Tamara Plush ................................................................................................................................................................................................119 10. Farmers become filmmakers: climate change adaptation in Malawi Fernanda Baumhardt, Ralph Lasage, Pablo Suarez, and Charles Chadza ....................129 PART III: PARTICIPATORY TOOLS........................................................................................................................................................139 11. Developing a climate change analysis Christian Aid ..................................................................................................................................................................................................141 12. Rain calendars: a tool for understanding changing rainfall patterns and effects on livelihoods Cynthia Awuor and Anne Hammill ..................................................................................................................................149 13. Mental models: understanding the causes and consequences of climate change Petra Tschakert and Regina Sagoe ......................................................................................................................................154 14. Child-friendly participatory research tools Fatima Molina, Grace Molina, Tom Tanner, and Fran Seballos ..................................................160 15. Participatory scenario development for translating impacts of climate change into adaptations Livia Bizikova, Thea Dickinson, and László Pintér......................................................................................167