Wahyudi David Local food security and principle of organic farming (from farm to fork) in context of food culture in Indonesia: Minangkabau`s case study This work has been accepted by the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences of the University of Kassel as a dissertation acquiring the academic degree of Doktor der Agrarwissenschaft (Dr. agr.) 1st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Angelika Ploeger 2nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Anwar Kasim Examiner: Prof. Dr. Béatrice Knerr Examiner: PD. Dr. Jens Gebauer Disputation date: 14th February 2011 2 List of abbreviations and acronyms ASL : Above Sea Level BPS : Badan Pusat Statistik (central burro of statistic) CIA : Central Intelligence Agency FEA : Field Extension Agriculture FWI/GWF : Forest Watches Indonesia / Global Forest Watch H.A : Hypothesis A H.B : Hypothesis B H.C : Hypothesis C H.D : Hypothesis D H.E : Hypothesis E H.F : Hypothesis F IK : Indigenous Knowledge or Traditional Knowledge IFOAM : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement KAN : Kerapatan Adat Nagari (customary chamber) Mt : Mount Marantau : Voluntary migration NGO : Non Government Organization NPLM : Nagari Padang Laweh Malalo NPS : Nagari Pandai Sikek NAB : Nagari Aia Batumbuak NU : Nagari Ulakan PTPN IV : PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IV (National Plantation IV Ltd.) PTS : Padi Tanam Sabatang (rice intensification programme) TFS : Traditional Farming System TVRI : Televisi Republik Indonesia (Governmental Broadcaster) OF : Organic Farming Ojek : Public transportation (motorcycle) Rantau : Destination of marantau Tempeh : Fermented soya bean US$ : United Stated Dollar (US$1 = Rp. 9000) 3 Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS..................................................................3 CONTENTS .........................................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................8 LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................12 1.1 Statement of the problem.........................................................................................................................................12 1.2 Research assumption ................................................................................................................................................15 1.3 Research hypotheses.................................................................................................................................................15 1.4 Research contribution ..............................................................................................................................................16 1.5 Outline of the dissertation........................................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE FRAMEWORKS ..................................................................17 2.1 Minangkabau`s history.............................................................................................................................................17 2.2 Principle of organic farming in Minangkabau`s....................................................................................................20 2.3 Food security in Minangkabau`s .............................................................................................................................24 2.4 Food and culture in Minangkabau`s.......................................................................................................................25 2.5 Marantau (voluntary migration)..............................................................................................................................28 2.6 Nagari.........................................................................................................................................................................29 2. 7 Context of food between nature and culture .........................................................................................................31 2. 8 Media and current government policy...................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES ...............................................................36 4 3.1 Research sites ............................................................................................................................................................36 3.2 Data collections .........................................................................................................................................................37 3.2.1 Qualitative data collection ..................................................................................................................................39 3.2.2 Quantitative data collection.................................................................................................................................43 3.3. Research materials and resources ..........................................................................................................................44 3.4 Sampling techniques.................................................................................................................................................44 3.5 Errors strategies........................................................................................................................................................44 3.6 Data analysis .............................................................................................................................................................45 3.6.1 Analysis of qualitative data.................................................................................................................................46 3.6.2 Analysis of quantitative data...............................................................................................................................47 3.7 Research time table...................................................................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS: NAGARI ULAKAN ...................................................................48 4.1 Topography of Nagari Ulakan.................................................................................................................................48 4.2 Demographics of Nagari Ulakan .............................................................................................................................50 4.3 Farm side ...................................................................................................................................................................51 4.4 Fork side ....................................................................................................................................................................55 4.5 Cluster of potentials and problems of food security and food culture according to the results.........................61 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS: NAGARI AIA BATUMBUAK .....................................................63 5. 1 Topography of Nagari Aia Batumbuak .................................................................................................................63 5. 2 Demographics of Nagari Aia Batumbuak..............................................................................................................64 5. 3 Farm side ..................................................................................................................................................................65 5.4. Fork side ...................................................................................................................................................................70 5.5. Cluster of potentials and problems of food security and food culture according to the results........................74 CHAPTER 6 RESULTS: NAGARI PADANG LAWEH MALALO......................................76 6. 1 Topography of Nagari Padang Laweh Malalo......................................................................................................76 5 6. 2 Demographics of Nagari Padang Laweh Malalo...................................................................................................77 6. 3 Farm side ..................................................................................................................................................................78 6. 4 Fork side ...................................................................................................................................................................84 6. 5 Cluster of potentials and problems of food security and food culture according to the results........................87 CHAPTER 7 RESULTS: NAGARI PANDAI SIKEK..........................................................89 7. 1 Topography of Nagari Padai Sikek........................................................................................................................89 7. 2 Demographics of Nagari Pandai Sikek ..................................................................................................................90