HIGH TEMPERATURE AQUEOUS ALTERATION AND DIAGENESIS: UNEXPECTED INSIGHTS WITH IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY FROM MICRONS TO METERS BY REBECCA N. GREENBERGER A.B., EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES, WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS, 2010 Sc.M., GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, BROWN UNIVERSITY, 2012 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES AT BROWN UNIVERSITY PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2015 © Copyright 2015 by Rebecca N. Greenberger This dissertation by Rebecca N. Greenberger is accepted in its present form by the Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences as satisfying the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date________________ _____________________________________ John F. Mustard, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date________________ _____________________________________ Reid F. Cooper, Reader Date________________ _____________________________________ Ralph E. Milliken, Reader Date________________ _____________________________________ Peter H. Schultz, Reader Date________________ _____________________________________ Joel A. Hurowitz, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date________________ _____________________________________ Peter M. Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii iv CURRICULUM VITAE Rebecca N. Greenberger (314) 458-9745; [email protected] Date of birth: October 8, 1987 (Columbus, Ohio) Education Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Advisor: John Mustard Ph.D. Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, May 2015. Thesis title: High Temperature Aqueous Alteration and Diagenesis: Unexpected Insights with Imaging Spectroscopy from Microns to Meters M. Sc. Geological Sciences, May 2012. Thesis title: Low temperature aqueous alteration of basalt: mineral assemblages of Deccan basalts and implications for Mars Washington University in St. Louis, A.B. Earth and Planetary Sciences, August 2010, Arts & Sciences College Honors Manuscripts submitted or in preparation Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, P. Mann, J. H. Wilson, R. L. Flemming, K. Robertson, M. R. Salvatore, and C. S. Edwards, Hydrothermal alteration and diagenesis of terrestrial lacustrine pillow basalts: coordination of hyperspectral imaging with laboratory measurements, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, in revision. Greenberger, R.N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, P. Mann, and J. H. Wilson, Characterization of aqueous alteration resulting from volcano-lacustrine interactions in the Hartford Basin: implications for Mars, Chem. Geol, in review. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, G. R. Osinski, L. L. Tornabene, A. Pontefract, C. L. Marion, R. L. Flemming, J. H. Wilson, and E. A. Cloutis, Hyperspectral mapping of alteration assemblages at a hydrothermal calcite-marcasite vug at the Haughton impact structure, Meteorit. Planet. Sci, in review. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, B. L. Ehlmann, D. L. Blaney, E. A. Cloutis, J. H. Wilson, and R. O. Green, Imaging spectroscopy of geological samples and outcrops: unexpected insights from microns to meters, in preparation for submission to GSA Today. Publications Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, L. M. Pratt, P. E. Sauer, P. Mann, K. Turner, M. D. Dyar, and D. L. Bish (2015), Serpentinization, iron oxidation, and aqueous conditions in an ophiolite: Implications for hydrogen production and habitability on Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 416, 21–34, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.02.002. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, P. S. Kumar, M. D. Dyar, E. A. Breves, and E. C. Sklute (2012), Low temperature aqueous alteration of basalt: Mineral assemblages of Deccan basalts and implications for Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 117, E00J12, v doi:10.1029/2012JE004127. Arvidson, R. E., J. F. Bell III, P. Bellutta, N. A. Cabrol, J. G. Catalano, J. Cohen, L. S. Crumpler, D. J. Des Marais, T. A. Estlin, W. H. Farrand, R. Gellert, J. A. Grant, R. N. Greenberger, E. A. Guinness, K. E. Herkenhoff, J. A. Herman, K. D. Iagnemma, J. R. Johnson, G. Klingelhöfer, R. Li, K. A. Lichtenberg, S. A. Maxwell, D. W. Ming, R. V. Morris, M. S. Rice, S. W. Ruff, A. Shaw, K. L. Siebach, P. A. de Souza, A. W. Stroupe, S. W. Squyres, R. J. Sullivan, K. P. Talley, J. A. Townsend, A. Wang, J. R. Wright, and A. S. Yen (2010), Spirit Mars Rover Mission: Overview and selected results from the northern Home Plate Winter Haven to the side of Scamander crater, J. Geophys. Res., 115, E00F03, doi:10.1029/2010JE003633. Arvidson, R, R. Bonitz, M. Robinson, J. Carsten, R. Volpe, A. Trebi-Ollenu, M. Mellon, P. Chu, K. R. Davis, J. Wilson, A. Shaw, R. Greenberger, K. Siebach, T. Stein, S. Cull, W. Goetz, R. Morris, D. Ming, H. Keller, M. Lemmon, H. Sizemore, and M. Mehta, (2009). Results from the Mars Phoenix Lander Robotic Arm Experiment., J. Geophys. Res., 114, E00E02, doi:10.1029/2009JE003408.. Arvidson, R.E., S. W. Ruff, R. V. Morris, D. W. Ming, L. S. Crumpler, A. S. Yen, S. W. Squyres, R. J. Sullivan, J. F. Bell, N. A. Cabrol, B. C. Clark, W. H. Farrand, R. Gellert, R. Greenberger, J. A. Grant, E. A. Guinness, K. E. Herkenhoff, J. A. Hurowitz, J. R. Johnson, G. Klingelhöfer, K. W. Lewis, R. Li, T. J. McCoy, J. Moersh, H. Y. McSween, S. L. Murchie, M. Schmidt, C. Schröder, A. Wang, S. Wiseman, M. B. Madsen, W. Goetz, and S. M. McLennan (2008), Spirit Mars Rover Mission to the Columbia Hills, Gusev Crater: Mission overview and selected results from the Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E12S33, doi:10.1029/2008JE003183. Li, R., B. Wu, K. Di, A. Angelova, R. E. Arvidson, I. C. Lee, M. Maimone, L. H. Matthies, L. Richer, R. Sullivan, M. H. Sims, R. Greenberger, and S. W. Squyres (2008), Characterization of traverse slippage experienced by Spirit rover on Husband Hill at Gusev Crater, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E12S35, doi:10.1029/2008JE003097. Wang, A., J. F. Bell, R. Li, J. R. Johnson, W. H. Farrand, E. A. Cloutis, R. E. Arvidson, L. Crumpler, S. W. Squyres, S. M. McLennan, K. E. Herkenhoff, S. W. Ruff, A. T. Knudson, W. Chen, and R. Greenberger (2008), Light-toned salty soils and coexisting Si-rich species discovered by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in Columbia Hills, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E12S40, doi:10.1029/2008JE003126. Conference abstracts Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, G. R. Osinski, L. L. Tornabene, A. Pontefract,C. L. Marion, R. L. Flemming, J. H. Wilson, and E. A. Cloutis (2014), Hydrothermal Formation and Oxidation of a Calcite-Marcasite Vug at the Haughton Impact Structure: Mapping of Alteration Assemblages with Hyperspectral Imaging, 46th LPSC, Abstract #2267. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, L. M. Pratt, P. E. Sauer, P. Mann, K. Turner, and M. D. Dyar (2014), Aqueous Conditions and Habitability Associated with Formation of a Serpentinite: Using Analyses of Ferric Iron and Stable Carbon Isotopes to Reconstruct Hydrogen Production, AGU Fall Meeting, vi Abstract #2211. Lawson, M. J., E. S. Amador, B. L. Carrier, A. Albuja, J. Bapst, K. R. S, Cahill, F. Ebersohn, S. Gainey, G. Gartrelle, R. N. Greenberger, J. M. Hale, S. Johnston, J. Olivares, C. E. Parcheta, J. P. Sheehan, A. K. Thorpe and S. K. Zareh (2014), Enceladus Environmental Explorer (EVE): A Mission Concept, AGU Fall Meeting, Abstract #11621. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, L. M. Pratt, P. E. Sauer, P. Mann, K. Turner, and M. D. Dyar (2014), Understanding the Nature of Water-rock Interactions in a Serpentinizing System: Implications for Planetary Exploration and Subsurface Habitability, GSA Annual Meeting, Abstract #246202. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, P. Mann, and J. H. Wilson (2014), Characterization of Alteration of Lacustrine Pillow Basalts: Insights from Hyperspectral Imaging and Implications for Water-rock Interactions on Mars, GSA Annual Meeting, Abstract #246143. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, P. Mann, and J. H. Wilson (2014), Aqueous Alteration Rinds in Basalt: Mineralogic Characterization from Hand Sample to Outcrop with Hyperspectral Imaging and Implications for Mars 2020, 8th International Mars Conference, Abstract #1028. Cannon, K. M., J. F. Mustard, C. B. Agee, J. H. Wilson, and R. N. Greenberger (2014), Black Beauty’s Rainbow: Hyperspectral Imaging of NWA 7034, 8th International Mars Conference. Wilson J. H. and R. N. Greenberger (2014), Utility of hyperspectral imagers in the mining industry: Italy’s gypsum reserves, Proc. SPIE 9104, Spectral Imaging Sensor Technologies: Innovation Driving Advanced Application Capabilities, 91040E; doi:10.1117/12.2054981. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, G. R. Osinski, L. L. Tornabene, C. L. Marion, A. Pontefract, and E. A. Cloutis (2014), Spectral Mapping of Alteration Phases within a Hydrothermal Vug at the Haughton Impact Structure, 45th LPSC, Abstract #1923. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, P. Mann, J. H. Wilson, and K. M. Cannon, (2014), Remote Sensing of Volcano-Lacustrine Interactions: Implications for Mars, 45th LPSC, Abstract #1543. Mann, P., E. A. Cloutis, R. N. Greenberger, R. E. Milliken, T. Hiroi, J. F. Mustard, R. L. Klima, C. A. Hibbitts, J. B. Plescia, J. F. Bell III, T. L. Roush, J.L. Bishop, and B. L. Ehlmann (2014), An Interlaboratory UV/VIS/NIR Wavelength Calibration Study, 45th LPSC, Abstract #2392. Tornabene L. L., G. R. Osinski, R. N. Greenberger, J. L. Bishop, E. A. Cloutis, C. L. Marion, J. F. Mustard, A. Pontefract, and M. S. Ramsey (2014), The Pre-, Syn- and Post-Impact Origin of Hydrated Phases: A Case Study Based on the Remote Sensing and Ground-Truth at the Haughton Impact Structure, Nunavut, Canada, 45th LPSC, Abstract #2710. Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A. Cloutis, P. Mann, K. M. Cannon, and J. H. Wilson (2014), Mineral Assemblages and Spectral Signatures of Altered Lacustrine Pillow Basalts: A Northeastern U.S. Analog for Lava-Water Interactions on Mars, 49th annual GSA Northeastern Section meeting, Abstract# 236217. vii Greenberger, R. N., J. F. Mustard, E. A.