Lecture 6 – Euteleostei “Modern” Fishes - Most advanced group of teleosts - ~ 200 mybp - 20,220 spp or ~60% of all fishes • Euteleostei • Protacanthopterygii • “Others” • Paracanthopterygii • Acanthopterygii Modern Fishes Division Subdivision Superorder Teleostei Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha Ostarioclupeomorpha Clupeomorpha Ostaryophysi Euteleostei Protacanthopterygii “Others” Paracanthopterygii Acanthopterygii Subdivision Euteleostei Synapomorphy: Retractor dorsalis – RAB • muscle connects upper pharyngeal jaws to vertebral column • hinged jaw teeth capable of posterior depression The latest classifications (2013) Superorder Protacanthopterygii Osmeriformes (argentines, spookfishes, smelts, salamanderfishes) Superorder Protacanthopterygii Salmoniformes (Salmon, Trout, Grayling) Esociformes (pikes) “Others” Major orders include: • Stomiiformes • Ateleopodiformes • Aulopiformes • Myctophiformes • Lampriformes • Polymixiiformes “Others” Stomiiformes Ateleopodiformes Aulopiformes Lizardfish Hatchetfish jellynose hatchetfish Myctophiformes Lampriformes Polymixiiformes Lanternfish Beardfishes Opah CIMI - Toyon Bay – 10-13-2013 Superorder Paracanthopterygii Major orders include: • Percopsiformes • Gadiformes • Ophidiiformes • Batrachoidiformes • Lophiiformes Superorder Paracanthopterygii Percopsiformes Gadiformes Ophidiiformes Cod Pirate perch -anus by head Lophiiformes Batrachoidiformes Anglerfish, Frogfish mate Midshipman Superorder Acanthopterygii Series Order Mugilomorpha Mugiliformes Atherinomorpha Atheriniformes Beloniformes Cyprinodontiformes Percomorpha 9 orders including Perciformes Acanthopterygii • Most modern fishes belong to this single advanced superorder • Taxonomic work on most groups is ongoing and often unsettled • Dominate shallow, productive habitats of marine and many freshwater environments • not very well represented in the deep Mugilomorpha Mugiliformes (grey mullets) Atherinomorpha – surface champs Melanotaenia spp. Atheriniformes Menidia menidia Cyprinodontiformes Beloniformes Exocoetus Anableps Out of the frying pan…. and into the fire Beloniformes Percomorpha The most advanced Euteleostan clade • diverse and varied • mostly marine • >13,000 spp. or ~39% of all fishes Percomorpha Stephanoberyciformes Beryciformes soldierfishes pricklefishes Beryciformes squirrelfishes - most shallow orange roughy Percomorpha Zeiformes Gasterosteiformes John Dory Syngnathiformes Synbranchiformes Percomorpha Scorpaeniformes Cottids Scorpaenids Hexagrammids Agonids Percomorpha Perciformes Perciformes • currently 11,207 spp. in 164 families • ~ 1/3 of all fishes • largest vertebrate order • six of the eight largest families are predominantly coral reef fishes Percomorpha - Pleuronectiformes Begin life as billaterally symmetrical Percomorpha - Tetraodontiformes Pinnacle of teleostean evolution • lineage with most derived traits • reduced genome size Coral reef fishes past and present Major groups of extant fishes Amazon River & coral reefs hold 70% of all fishes… Near et al. 2013.