ARRABAI, ALI M., Ph.D., December 2019 Modern and Classical Language Studies THE FRANKLIN BOOKS PROGRAM: TRANSLATION AND IMAGE-BUILDING IN THE COLD WAR (334 PP.) Dissertation Advisor: Brian James Baer Image construction in translation has recently attracted the interest of scholars in Translation Studies (Doorslaer, Flynn & Leerssen 2016). Much of the discussion, however, has been on the target culture’s construction of the image of the Other. Rarely discussed is the construction and projection of self-images (auto images) through translation. The Cold War was perhaps the single most important period in contemporary history in which this self-image construction manifested itself. Both the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive translation programs in the developing world to boost their images and reputations, often referred to as “soft diplomacy.” The goal was to present themselves as the exemplary models for modernity and in the process “win the hearts and minds” of the newly independent nations of the developing world. The non- governmental Franklin Books Program (1952–1979) marks one important and highly visible attempt to increase the political and cultural cachet of the US in the Arab World during this period. The books chosen for translation appear to propagate and reinforce the self-proclaimed image of the US as a “shining city on a hill,” as well as, on a more profound level, a developmental model of history. The Franklin Books Program operated at a time when the US information and cultural agencies in the region were actively seeking to discredit and dismiss the USSR as the antithesis of modernity, liberty and progress. By drawing mainly on notions of image construction, this dissertation examines whether and—if so—how FBP participated in this image-building campaign. The dissertation relies primarily on two sets of archival paratextual material: 1) FBP’s archival records, and 2) the prefaces, introductions to and covers of the translated titles themselves. The former sheds light on FBP’s selection process as well as on how those in charge viewed the program’s mission. The latter illuminates whether and—if so, how— these materials emphasized notions of American exceptionalism, built on a developmental model of history. In both cases, the dissertation aims to uncover traces of any alignment with US foreign policy and image-building objectives in the region. Keywords: image-building, image construction, auto-images, hetero-images, soft cultural diplomacy, Cold War, mediator THE FRANKLIN BOOKS PROGRAM: TRANSLATION AND IMAGE-BUILDING IN THE COLD WAR A Dissertation Submitted to Kent State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Ali M. Arrabai December 2019 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Ali M. Arrabai B.A., King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, 2007 M.A., Indiana State University, United States, 2011 Ph.D., Kent State University, United States, 2019 Approved by Brian James Baer , Advisor, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Judy Wakabayashi , Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Richard Kelly Washbourne , Andrew Barnes , Babacar M’Baye , Accepted by Keiran Dunne , Chair, Department of Modern and Classical Language Studies James L. Blank , Dean, College of Arts and Science TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii DEDICATION xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Overview 1 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Research Problem and Questions 4 1.3 Significance 6 1.4 Conceptual Framework 10 1.5 Organization of the Dissertation 17 Summary 18 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 19 Overview 19 2.1 Imagology 19 2.1.1 Historical development of imagology 21 2.1.2 Review of main and related concepts 25 2.1.2.1 Main concepts: auto-image, hetero-image, counter-image and meta-image 25 2.1.2.2 Related concepts: center, periphery, identity, mediator 27 2.1.2.2.1 Binarisms 27 2.1.2.2.2 Mediator 29 2.1.2.2.3 Frames, triggers, latency 30 v 2.1.3 Theoretical and Methodological Foundations 31 2.1.3.1 Theory 31 2.1.3.1.1 Mobility of images 32 2.1.3.1.2 Valorizations of ethnotypes 32 2.1.3.2 Methodology 33 2.2 Interconnecting Imagology and Translation Studies 34 2.2.1 Translation and ideological constructions of image: early studies 36 2.2.2 Translation and ideological constructions of image: recent studies 42 Summary 46 CHAPTER 3: IMAGES OF THE US IN THE ARAB WORLD 47 Overview 47 3.1 Images 49 3.1.1 Early American auto-images 49 3.1.1.1 Empire for liberty 50 3.1.1.2 Early foreign policy 51 3.1.1.3 Early domestic policy 53 3.1.1.4 Rise of the American State 54 3.1.1.5 WWI and the Wilson Doctrine 57 3.1.2 American hetero-images of the Arab region 59 3.1.2.1 The Inquiry: orientalism and images of the Near East 59 3.1.3 Arab hetero-images of America 63 3.2 Official US Cultural Agencies and International Image-building 75 3.2.1 Historical background 75 3.2.2 Wartime Information Agencies 77 vi 3.2.2.1 Office of the Coordinator of Information (OCI) 77 3.2.2.1.1 OCI’s Office of Strategic Services in Cairo 78 3.2.3 Cold War Information Agencies 80 3.2.3.1 The United States Information Agency (USIA) 81 3.2.3.1.1 USIA in the Middle East 83 3.2.3.2 Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) 85 3.2.3.2.1 The CCF’s Magazines 87 3.2.3.2.1.1 Hiwar (Arab World) 89 3.2.3.2.2 The CCF and the consecration of the writer 92 3.3 Private Agencies: Cultural Mediators 94 3.3.1 Educational institutions: AUB and AUC 94 3.3.1.1 Exporting American culture 95 3.3.1.2 American universities and Palestine 97 3.3.1.3 Looking to the West: fighting communism through aid programs 99 3.3.1.4 American universities and US foreign policy 101 3.3.2 Foundations 102 3.3.2.1 The Ford Foundation 103 3.3.2.2 The Rockefeller Foundation 104 3.4 Modernizing the Middle East 106 3.4.1 The social sciences: reinforcing Orientalist images 110 3.4.1.1 Bureau of Applied Social Research (BASR) 111 3.4.2 Modernization and stability 113 3.4.3 Modernization and a transitioning Middle East 114 Summary 115 vii CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 116 Overview 116 4.1 Research Questions 116 4.2 Theoretical Foundation of Research 118 4.2.1 Imagological theory: auto-image, hetero-image, mediator 118 4.2.2 Translation as rewriting: patronage, poetics, seduction and metonymics 120 4.3 Research Design 123 4.3.1 Analytical framework 123 4.3.2 Qualitative and quantitative approaches 125 4.4 Research Procedure 126 4.5 Research Data Collection 127 4.5.1 Set 1: Princeton University 128 4.5.2 Set 2: Library of Congress 129 4.6 Research Data Analysis 131 4.7 Approach to Paratextual Materials 132 Summary 133 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS 135 Overview 135 5.1 FBP: Background 136 5.1.1 Establishment 136 5.1.2 Published literature on FBP 137 5.1.2.1 Articles by FBP officials (Smith: 1956, 1963, 1983; and Benjamin: 1984) 138 5.1.2.2 Scholarly articles (2007, 2010) 141 5.2 Set I (Epitexts): Franklin Archival Records 143 viii 5.2.1 FBP and the US Government 143 5.2.2 FBP and US Foreign Policy 144 5.2.2.1 Cold War: Communism, Neutralism, Nasserism, Pan-Arabism, Israel 148 5.2.2.2 Development and Modernization 150 5.2.3 FBP and the Private Sector 153 5.2.4 FBP and Title Selection 155 5.2.5 FBP and Local Participation 158 5.2.5.1 Maintaining Contacts 159 5.2.5.2 How Franklin viewed contacts 161 5.2.5.3 Supporters’ Views of Franklin 166 5.2.6 Anti-Franklin Attacks 171 5.2.6.1 Leftist attacks 172 5.2.6.2 Communist attacks 173 5.2.6.3 Neutralist attacks 174 5.2.6.4 Right-wing attacks 176 5.3 Set II: FBP Books, Translators and Reviewers 177 5.3.1 Categories 182 5.3.2 Peritexts: Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords 184 5.3.2.1 Literature (C, D, F/JL) 186 5.3.2.1.1 Criticism and Essays (C) 186 5.3.2.1.2 Drama (D) 193 5.3.2.1.3 Fiction (F) 194 5.3.2.2 Biography and Autobiography (B & JB) 197 5.3.2.3 Philosophy (PH) 201 ix 5.3.2.5 American Civilization (AC) 213 5.3.2.6 Psychology (PY, JP & FH) 214 5.3.2.7 History and Juvenile History (H & JH) 215 5.3.2.8 Economics and Development (E) 222 5.3.2.9 Education (ED) 226 5.3.2.10 Religion (R) 228 5.3.2.11 Social Studies (S) 230 5.3.2.12 Science (GS & JS) 233 5.3.2.13 Art and Architecture (A) 234 5.3.2.14 Mathematics (M) 236 5.3.2.15 Reference and General Information (RF) 237 5.3.2.16 Agriculture (AG) 238 5.3.2.17 Juvenile General (JG) 239 5.3.2.18 Poetry (P) 239 5.3.2.19 Unclassified titles 240 5.4 Franklin’s contributors 241 Summary 252 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 255 Overview 255 6.1 Translating images: auto-images and hetero-images 256 6.2 Partial images 258 6.3 Translation as a modernizing tool 260 6.4 Mediators 263 6.5 Modernist Agendas 266 x 6.6 Symbolism and Analogy 268 6.9 Conclusions 273 REFERENCES 275 APPENDICES 296 Appendix 1: Table of Analyzed Peritexts 296 Appendix 2: Table of Total Number of Peritexts Obtained in Each Category 316 Appendix 3: List of Arab Contributors 317 Appendix 4: Sample Page of a table containing all FBP’s Arabic titles 319 Appendix 5: Selected Samples of FBP’s Archival Records 320 Appendix 6: Sample of The LOC’s Arabic Title List (1) 321 Appendix 7: Sample of The LOC’s Arabic Title List (2) 322 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .....................................................................................................................................