THE COMMUNITY NETWORK MANUAL: HOW TO BUILD THE INTERNET YOURSELF MANUAL: HOW THE COMMUNITY NETWORK Luca Belli Editor The Community Network Manual: How to Build the Internet Yourself Official Outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity Preface by Bruno Ramos The Community Network Manual: How to Build the Internet Yourself Official Outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity Presented at the United Nations Internet Governance Forum Paris, November 2018 Edition produced by FGV Direito Rio Praia de Botafogo, 190 | 13th floor Rio de Janeiro | RJ | Brasil | Zip code: 22250-900 55 (21) 3799-5445 www.fgv.br/direitorio The Community Network Manual: How to Build the Internet Yourself Official Outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity Edited by Luca Belli Preface by Bruno Ramos FGV Direito Rio Edition Licensed in Creative Commons Attribution — NonCommercial — NoDerivs Printed in Brazil 1st edition finalized in 2018, November This book was approved by the Editorial Board of FGV Direito Rio, and is in the Legal Deposit Division of the National Library. Coordination: Rodrigo Vianna, Sérgio França e Thaís Mesquita Book cover: Andreza Moreira – Tangente Design Layout: Andreza Moreira – Tangente Design Reviewer: Luca Belli Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Mario Henrique Simonsen/FGV The community network manual : how to build the Internet yourself : official Outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity / Edited by Luca Belli ; preface by Bruno Ramos. - Rio de Janeiro : FGV Direito Rio, 2018. 256 p. : il. Inclui bibliografia. ISBN: 978-85-9597-029-8 1. Internet - Administração. 2. Redes de computadores - Aspectos sociais. 3. Conectividade - Políticas de acesso. I. Belli, Luca. II. Escola de Direito do Rio de Janeiro da Fundação Getulio Vargas. III. Internet Governance Forum. IV. Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity. CDD – 384.3 The opinions expressed in this book are the responsibility of the authors. This book is jointly published by Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Internet Society (ISOC). This volume is the result of the annual Call for Papers Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity (DC3), which is open to all interested stakeholders. DC3 is a component of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum and this book is the official 2018 outcome of the DC3. Paper submissions have been evaluated for their novelty and their academic rigor as well as for the impact that the initiatives described in the paper may have. All accepted submissions have been peer-reviewed. For further information on DC3, see www.comconnectivity.org Acknowledgements This book reflects many of the ideas discussed by the members of the Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity (DC3) of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum, between 2017 and 2018. The Editor would like to express gratitude to all the DC3 members for their precious inputs. The editor would like to thank the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV)1 Law School, for being a source of intellectual stimulation and guidance, inspiring this research effort; the Internet Society (ISOC),2 for generously supporting the publication of this book and for its commitment to strengthening and promoting community networks globally; and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),3 for showing openness in exploring the incredible potential of community networks to foster connectivity and for demonstrating perceptiveness in supporting this publication. 1 FGV is a world-renowned institution of research and quality education. In 2018, FGV was deemed as one of the top 10 think tanks in the world, according to the Global Go To Think Tanks Index 2017, produced by the Pennsylvania University. Besides being the 7th most influential think tank globally, FGV has been ranked as the most influential think tank in Latin America over the past nine years. Currently, FGV has 10 Schools and more than 50 Applied Research Centres in the areas of economics, business administration, public administration, law, social sciences, applied mathematics and international relations. See <http://portal.fgv.br/>. 2 ISOC is a global cause-driven organisation governed by a diverse Board of Trustees that is dedicated to ensuring that the Internet stays open, transparent and defined by the users. ISOC currently features more than 140 member organisations and 130 local and regional chapters, bringing together ISOC members and facilitating a number of programmes and activities. See <https://www.internetsociety.org/>. 3 ITU is the United Nations specialised agency for information and communication technologies. ITU is committed to connecting the entire world’s people – wherever they live and whatever their means. ITU is organisation based on public-private partnership since its inception and currently has a membership of 193 countries and almost 800 private-sector entities and academic institutions. Through its work, ITU protects and supports everyone’s fundamental right to communicate. See <https://www.itu.int/>. 7 CONTENT PREFACE by Bruno Ramos ............................................................................................................................... 9 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ........................................................................................................................................ 13 1 Community Networks: Bridging Digital Divides through the Enjoyment of Network Self-determination ..................................................... 23 Luca Belli PART I: How to Build your Community Network .................................................................... 41 2 Building Community Wireless Networks: A How-to Guide for the Curious ............................................................................................................................... 43 Steven Mansour and Sascha Meinrath 3 Building Community LTE Networks with CoLTE....................................... 75 Spencer Sevilla, Pathirat Kosakanchit, Matthew Johnson and Kurtis Heimerl 4 The MAZI Toolkit for Do-It-Yourself Networking ...................................... 103 Harris Niavis, Stavroula Maglavera, Aris Dadoukis and John Mavridis 5 LibreRouter: the Hardware and Software Platform for Community Networking ....................................................................................................... 119 Nicolas Echániz and Florencia López Pezé PART II: Scalable, Sustainable and Law-compliant Community Networks ......... 131 6 Multiple Dimensions of Community Network Scalability .................. 133 Roger Baig Viñas, Leandro Navarro and Ramon Roca i Tió 7 Federating Community Networks: A Case-study from France ................................................................................................ 159 Félix Tréguer 8 Fostering Sustainability of Community Networks: Guidelines to Respect the European Legal Framework .................... 177 Virginie Aubrée and Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay 9 Complementary Networks Meet Complementary Currencies: Guifi.net Meets Sardex.net .............................................................................................. 189 Panayotis Antoniadis, Jens Martignoni, Leandro Navarro and Paolo Dini 10 What Could Blockchain do for Community Networks ........................ 223 Panayotis Antoniadis and Jens Martignoni 11 DECLARATION ON COMMUNITY CONNECTIVITY ....................................................... 248 The Community Network Manual: How to Build the Internet Yourself 9 PREFACE by Bruno Ramos Encouraging New Formulas for an Inclusive Information Society The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has in its DNA the vision1 of an Inclusive Information Society, where Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) foster social and economic development and collaborate for the sustainable growth of the environment, which results in improving the quality of life for everyone. In this modern Information Society, the ways of social interaction and cultural and economic development are being rapidly altered, due to the new technologies’ evolution. Connectivity enables the exchange of information and knowledge between individuals and communities, enhancing human development in a global sphere. The main driving force behind the change in the way people interact is therefore education through access to knowledge. The exchange of information between people allows us to reflect on the stage in which the communities are in comparison with the others, resulting in a qualified view of the world in which we live and to which we want to go. However, in particular in developing countries, not all people have access to ICTs, being left out of this new Information Society and therefore without any possibility of choice, including to be able to choose another growth and development path. This lack of access to the Information Society ensues from the difficulties in the provision of telecommunication services, resulting from the economic incapacity or technical inability to implement it. Therefore, it is necessary to think alternatives to the current forms of telecommunication service provision, either through proposals 1 ITU Vision: “An information society, empowered by the interconnected world, where telecommunication/information and communication technologies enable and accelerate social, economic and environmentally sustainable growth and development for everyone”. The Community Network Manual: 10 How to Build the Internet