Bay Area Scientists in School Presentation Plan Lesson Name It’s just a phase!______________ Presenter(s) Kevin Metcalf, David Ojala, Melanie Drake, Carly Anderson, Hilda Buss, Lin Louie, Chris Jakobson California Standards Connection(s): 3rd Grade – Physical Science 3-PS-Matter has three states which can change when energy is added or removed. Next Generation Science Standards: 2nd Grade – Physical Science 2-PS1-1. Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties. 2-PS1-4. Construct an argument with evidence that some changes caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some cannot. Science & Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts Planning and carrying out PS1.A: Structure and Properties Patterns investigations to answer of Matter ・Patterns in the natural and questions or test solutions to ・Different kinds of matter exist human designed world can be problems in K–2 builds on prior and many of them can be observed. (2-PS1-1) experiences and progresses to either solid or liquid, simple investigations, based on depending on temperature. Cause and Effect fair tests, which provide data to Matter can be described and ・Events have causes that support explanations or design classified by its observable generate observable patterns. solutions. properties. (2-PS1-1) (2-PS1-4) ・Plan and conduct an ・Different properties are suited ・Simple tests can be designed to investigation collaboratively to to different purposes. (2-PS1- gather evidence to support or produce data to serve as the 2), (2-PS1-3) refute student ideas about basis for evidence to answer a ・A great variety of objects can causes. (2-PS1-2) question. (2-PS1-1) be built up from a small set of pieces - atoms. (2-PS1-3) Constructing explanations and designing solutions in K–2 builds PS1.B: Chemical Reactions on prior experiences and ・Heating or cooling a substance progresses to the use of evidence may cause changes that can and ideas in constructing be observed. Sometimes these evidence-based accounts of changes are reversible, and natural phenomena and sometimes they are not. (2- designing solutions. PS1-4) ・Make observations (firsthand or from media) to construct an evidence-based account for natural phenomena. (2-PS1-3) Common Core Standards: ELA/Literacy: W.2.8 Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question. SL.2.2 Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media. Mathematics: MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.5 Use appropriate tools strategically. FOSS Connections: Grade 3 Module: Matter and Energy Investigation 3: Matter Teaser: Properties of matter are illustrated through a series of demonstrations. Students will learn to identify solids, liquids, and gases. Water will be used to demonstrate the three phases. They will learn about sublimation through a fun experiment with dry ice. Next, they will compare the propensity for vaporization (evaporation) for several liquids. Finally, they will learn about freezing and boiling while making ice cream. Objective: The students will be able to identify the three states of matter and understand how to describe the transition from one phase to another. In addition, they will learn about the relative properties of each phase. Vocabulary/Definitions: 3 – 6 important (new) words 1. Solid: A phase of matter that is characterized by resistance to changes in shape and volume. 2. Liquid: A phase of matter that is characterized by a resistance to change in volume. A liquid can change shape 3. Gas: A phase of matter that can change shape and volume. 4. Phase change: Transformation from one phase of matter to another. 5. Melting: Transformation of a solid to a liquid. 6. Freezing: Transformation of a liquid to a solid. 7. Boiling: Transformation of a liquid to a gas. 8. Condensation: Transformation of a gas to a liquid. 9. Sublimation: Transformation of a solid to a gas. Materials: What will you bring with you? Materials for experiments: 1. Ice 2. Water (room temperature) 3. Dry ice 4. 2 large glass beakers 5. Balloons 6. Clear plastic cups 7. Water 8. Food coloring 9. Salt 10. Isopropyl alcohol 11. Poster board/ bingo pictures / work sheet 12. Liquid nitrogen in portable dewar 13. Styrofoam bowls and plastic spoons 14. Large bowl for mixing and wooden spoon 15. Milk, heavy cream, vanilla, sugar 16. Gloves What should students have ready (pencils, paper, scissors)? Students should have pencils for recording data. Classroom Set-up: A demonstration table is needed in the front and center of the classroom, preferably adjacent to a black/white board with chalk or markers. Access to a sink for water and clean-up would be helpful. Classroom Visit 1. Personal Introduction: _____5___ Minutes We are graduate students in chemical engineering at UC Berkeley, but come from all over the country. Give name and hometown and discuss how each town climate is different from the Bay Area. What is chemical engineering? Why did we choose to become engineers? What kinds of problems do engineers work on? 2. Topic Introduction: _____5___ Minutes Introduction to the Properties of Matter. Different materials have different properties. What are some properties of solids? (Object has a defined shape and volume. It resists changes in shape and volume. Molecules are rigidly packed together: Ice, dry ice, desk, chair, pencil.) What are some properties of Liquids? (Liquids can flow and change shape. They adopt the shape of the container that they are in. The molecules are close together, but can freely move around and change position. Because the molecules are close together, you can’t change the volume easily: Water, oil, blood.) What are some properties of Gases? (Gases can flow, change shape, and change volume. A gas has a low density and will readily diffuse. Gases will expand to fill the space around it. Gas molecules are very loosely packed/far apart from each other: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, air.) Today we will discuss some of the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. Right now, we’re going to study and observe the properties of different materials. Pay close attention to what you see. Afterwards, we’re going to talk about the special features of different types of matter. 3. Learning Experience(s): ____30___ Minutes Introduction: Defining the states of matter 1. Solid: A phase of matter that is characterized by resistance to changes in shape and volume. 2. Liquid: A phase of matter that is characterized by a resistance to change in volume. A liquid can change shape 3. Gas: A phase of matter that can change shape and volume. To transition from one phase to another phase requires energy addition or removal. Most often, we can think of heating or cooling a material to achieve a phase change. However, we can change to pressure to produce a phase change without changing the temperature! Phase changes When water changes from one form to another, it is undergoing a phase change. Draw a diagram on the board and let the student’s help you fill it out: Questions: When water goes from liquid to ice, what do you call that? (Freezing) When water goes from ice to liquid, what do you call that? (Melting) When liquid water goes to a gas, it is called vaporization. When gas goes to liquid, it is condensation. What about a solid to a gas? That is a special circumstance where we can observe sublimation. (Gas to solid is deposition). Bonus: Discuss the temperature for each transition. The class will now be broken up into small groups of ~4-6 students, with one graduate student per group. Experiment 1: Sublimation vs. Melting Now we are doing to look at a special material called dry ice. (Caution: Dry ice is really cold! It can burn your skin very quickly so we can’t hold it with bare hands or eat it!) Is dry ice a solid, liquid or gas? (Students may observe that they can see the solid (white) dry ice as well as vapor/gas.) Why is it called dry ice? Quick demonstration: Put a chunk of frozen water/ice into one beaker. Put a similar chunk into a second beaker. Let sit out for 10-40 minutes. What happens? Ice will melt, dry ice will sublime. Since there is no liquid phase in the dry ice to carbon dioxide transition, we call it dry ice. The dry ice will “disappear” as it forms a gas and diffuses through the room. Dry ice undergoes a special phase transition called sublimation. That means that it goes from a solid to a gas. We can use this property to blow up a balloon. Quick demonstration: Put a few chunks of dry ice in a balloon. Seal balloon. What is happening? (The solid carbon dioxide is subliming to form a gas, which occupies a larger volume. This inflates the balloon.) Why does the balloon grow as carbon dioxide forms? (Gases fill up the volume that they are in.) Can we change the shape of the gas in the balloon? (Yes, gases can change shape and volume.) The speed of sublimation depends on temperature. What happens if we put the dry ice in cold water/room temperature water/hot water? (Demonstrate to test hypothesis.) What happens if we put ice (H2O) in a balloon? Does the balloon inflate? Does the ice melt or sublime? We know now that dry ice can sublime to a gas. What do you think will happen if we put a small chunk of dry ice in a plastic film canister? (Have students try this.) Experiment 2: Evaporation of different liquids When energy is added to a liquid to turn it into a gas, it undergoes a phase change called vaporization.