An up-dated version of this report was published in 2011. Monasteries and Temples of Bogdiin Khüree by Krisztina Teleki by the Insitutute of History, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar. 2011 ISBN 978-99962-2-041-8 Monasteries and Temples of Bogdiin Khüree, Ikh Khüree or Urga, the Old Capital City of Mongolia in the First Part of the Twentieth Century Survey conducted by: Zsuzsa Majer Krisztina Teleki Budapest, Hungary Ulaanbaatar 2006 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF A SURVEY OF OLD MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES IN THE PRESENT ULAANBAATAR AREA ...................................................................................................................................... 5 SURVEY AIM AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 5 REMARKS ON TRANSCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 5 THE PRIMARY SOURCE: RINCHEN’S MAP .............................................................................................................. 6 ORAL SOURCES: DATA PROVIDERS ...................................................................................................................... 7 OTHER PUBLISHED SOURCES: PAINTINGS, MAPS, OLD PHOTOS ............................................................................ 8 WRITTEN SOURCES .............................................................................................................................................. 9 OVERVIEW OF SURVEY RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 11 CATEGORIES OF TEMPLES ACCORDING TO THEIR STATE AT THE TIME OF THE SURVEY ..................................... 13 LIST OF THE OLD MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES SURVEYED .............................................................................. 15 WORKS CITED .................................................................................................................................................. 17 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................ 18 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 22 MANCHU OVERLORDSHIP .................................................................................................................................. 22 RE-LOCATION OF THE CAPITAL AND THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE AIMAGS WITHIN IT ............ 24 CAPITAL FORMING ACTIVITIES OF THE JEWTSÜNDAMBA KHUTAGTS ................................................................... 25 THE REIGN OF THE BOGD KHAAN: THE AUTONOMOUS PERIOD (1911-1921) ...................................................... 27 1921-1940: THE GRADUAL SUPPRESSION OF THE CHURCH AND THE PURGES .................................................. 28 CITY STRUCTURE, PARTS OF THE CITY AND THEIR TEMPLES ...................................................... 31 IKH KHÜREE ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 ZÜÜN KHÜREE ................................................................................................................................................... 32 GANDAN ............................................................................................................................................................ 34 LAY POPULATION QUARTERS ............................................................................................................................ 35 PALACES ............................................................................................................................................................ 37 THE TEMPLE OF CHOIJIN LAMA AND THE TEMPLES SITUATED AROUND IT ....................................................... 37 KONSULIIN DENJ ............................................................................................................................................... 38 MAIMAACHEN ................................................................................................................................................... 38 THE MERCHANT DISTRICTS (DAMNUURCHIN/DAMNUURGACHIN) ..................................................................... 41 TEMPLES AND MONASTERIES IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF IKH KHÜREE ..................................................................... 42 ECONOMIC LIFE OF TEMPLES (THE INSTITUTION OF JAS) .................................................................................... 42 MAIN MONASTIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE RANKS IN IKH KHÜREE ....................................................................... 43 RANKS AND OTHER DUTIES IN THE INDIVIDUAL MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES ................................................... 44 DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLES AND MONASTERIES IN IKH KHÜREE ....................................... 45 RINCHEN 910 - REBOGEJAI GANDANSHADDUBLIN (NOMIIN IKH KHÜREE) ....................................................... 45 RINCHEN 911 - BOGD KHAANII NOGOON SÜM (BOGD KHAANII ÖWLIIN ORD) .................................................... 57 RINCHEN 912 - GANDANTEGCHENLIN KHIID ..................................................................................................... 60 GANDAN KHIID .................................................................................................................................................. 60 Current Situation: Gandantegchenlin khiid ................................................................................................. 70 RINCHEN 913 - JANRAISIG DATSAN ................................................................................................................... 90 RINCHEN 914 - BARUUN GESER SÜM ................................................................................................................. 92 Current situation: Badma yogo datsan of Gandan monastery and Zurkhai datsan .................................... 94 RINCHEN 915 - CHOIJIN LAMIIN SÜM ................................................................................................................. 96 RINCHEN 916 - NARTAD DAGINIIN KHURAL (DAMDIN LAMIIN KHURAL) ........................................................ 100 RINCHEN 917 - DAR’ EKHIIN KHURAL ............................................................................................................. 101 RINCHEN 918 - TÖWDIIN KHURAL ................................................................................................................... 102 RINCHEN 919 - TANTONJALBIIN KHURAL (ZODIIN KHURAL) ........................................................................... 103 RINCHEN 920 - YUTAWIIN KHURAL (OIDOWIIN KHURAL) ............................................................................... 105 RINCHEN 921 - ERDMIIN DALAI BUYAN CHUULGAN SÜM (BOGD KHAANII SERÜÜN ORD) ................................ 106 RINCHEN 922 - TSAGAAN SÜM (GÜNGAADEJIDLIN) ........................................................................................ 108 RINCHEN 923 - NAROKHAJIDIIN SÜM ............................................................................................................... 110 RINCHEN 924 - DÜNJONGARWIIN SÜM ............................................................................................................. 111 3 RINCHEN 925 - DECHINGALAWIIN KHURAL ..................................................................................................... 112 RINCHEN 926 - EKH DAGINIIN AIMGIIN KHURAL .............................................................................................. 115 RINCHEN 927 - IKH SHAWIIN KHARCHUUDIIN KHURAL .................................................................................... 117 RINCHEN 928 - KHUTAGT TROITSKIIN SÜM ..................................................................................................... 118 RINCHEN 929 - ERLEG NOMUN KHAANII SÜM .................................................................................................. 121 RINCHEN 930 - AMGALANGIIN GESER SÜM ..................................................................................................... 122 RINCHEN 931 - DAR’ EKHIIN SÜM .................................................................................................................... 124 Current situation: Dar’ ekh khiid .............................................................................................................. 125 RINCHEN 932 - URCHUUDIIN SÜM ................................................................................................................... 127 RINCHEN 933 - KUNZIIN SÜM .......................................................................................................................... 127 RINCHEN 934 - TSAGAAN MALGAITIIN SÜM ..................................................................................................... 128 RINCHEN 935 - DASHSAMDANLIN KHURAL ..................................................................................................... 129 RINCHEN 936 - DASHCHOINKHORLIN KHIID .................................................................................................... 130 RINCHEN 937 - SHADDUBLIN KHIID ................................................................................................................