ECOLOGIA BALKANICA 2013, Vol. 5, Issue 1 June 2013 pp. 149-172 Plant Essential Oils from Apiaceae Family as Alternatives to Conventional Insecticides Asgar Ebadollahi* Young Researchers Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, IRAN *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. Main method to control insect pest is using synthetic insecticides, but the development of insect resistance to this products, the high operational cost, environmental pollution, toxicity to humans and harmful effect on non-target organisms have created the need for developing alternative approaches to control insect pest. Furthermore, the demand for organic crops, especially vegetables for the fresh market, has greatly increased worldwide. The ideal insecticide should control target pests adequately and should be target-specific, rapidly degradable, and low in toxicity to humans and other mammals. Plant essential oils could be an alternative source for insect pest control because they constitute a rich source of bioactive chemicals and are commonly used as flavoring agents in foods. These materials may be applied to food crops shortly before harvest without leaving excessive residues. Moreover, medically safe of these plant derivatives has emphasized also. For these reasons, much effort has been focused on plant essential oils or their constituents as potential sources of insect control agents. In this context, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family would rank among the most important families of plants. In the last few years more and more studies on the insecticidal properties of essential oils from Apiaceae family have been published and it seemed worthwhile to compile them. The focus of this review lies on the lethal (ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal) and sublethal (antifeedant, repellent, oviposition deterrent, Growth inhibitory and progeny production) activities of plant essential oils and their main components from Apiaceae family. These features indicate that pesticides based on Apiaceae essential oils could be used in a variety of ways to control a large number of pests. It can be concluded that essential oils and phytochemicals isolated from Apiaceae family may be efficacious and safe replacements for conventional synthetic insecticides. Keywords: Apiaceae family, essential oils, phytochemicals, natural insecticides, lethal effects, sublethal effects. Introduction most of the systemic and organic Currently different kinds of preventive insecticides to control insect pests. Although and curative control measures are practiced these methods are effective, their repeated to get protection from insect pests. Among use for several decades has its consequences. those, synthetic pesticides such as It has been estimated that about 2.5 million organochlorines, organophosphates, carba- tons of pesticides are used on crops each mates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids have year and the worldwide damage caused by been considered to be the most effective and pesticides reaches $100 billion annually. easy to use tools against insect pests. Most Repeated applications of synthetic insecti- of the farmers are not aware with the ill cides has disrupted natural enemies in the effect of chemical pesticides and still using biological control system and led to © Ecologia Balkanica Union of Scientists in Bulgaria – Plovdiv http://eb.bio.uni-plovdiv.bg University of Plovdiv Publishing House Plant Essential Oils from Apiaceae Family as Alternatives to Conventional Insecticides outbreaks of insect pests, widespread including attracting or repelling insects, development of resistance and protecting themselves from heat or cold; and environmental and human health concerns utilizing chemical constituents in the oil as (BENHALIMA et al., 2004; BUGHIO & defense materials. In general, they are WILKINS, 2004; SANNA et al., 2004; complex mixtures of 20-60 organic TAPONDJOU et al., 2005). In this context, compounds that give characteristic odour efforts are being made worldwide to replace and flavour to leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, these chemicals with biological alternatives barks and rhizomes. In industrialized (biopesticides), which are less toxic to the countries, EOs could be useful alternatives environment. to synthetic insecticides in organic food Plants offer an alternative source of production, while in developing countries; insect-control agents because they contain a they can be a means of low cost protection range of bioactive chemicals, many of which (Cosimi, et al., 2009). Bioactivity of these EO are selective and have little or no harmful depends on its chemical composition which effect on non-target organisms and the varies with plant part used for extraction, environment. Because of the multiple sites harvesting time, plant age, and nature of the of action through which the plant materials soil and growth conditions. EOs are complex can act, the probability of developing a mixtures comprised of a large number of resistant population is very low (ISMAN, constituents in variable ratios. EOs contain 2006). Botanical insecticides degrade rapidly natural flavors and fragrances grouped as in air and moisture and are readily broken monoterpenes (hydrocarbons and down by detoxification enzymes. This is oxygenated derivatives), sesquiterpenes very important because rapid breakdown (hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives) means less persistence in the environment and aliphatic compounds (alkanes, alkenes, and reduced risks to nontarget organisms ketones, aldehydes, acids and alcohols) that (ISMAN, 2008). Among natural products provide characteristic odors. Many EOs certain highly volatile EOs currently used in isolated from various plant species belong- the food, perfume, cosmetic and ing to different genera, contain relatively pharmaceutical and agricultural industries high amount of monoterpenes. Jointly or show promise for controlling insect peat, independently they may contribute to the particularly in confined environments such protection of plants against herbivores, as greenhouses or granaries. Because of this, although some herbivores have counter much effort has been focused on plant EOs adapted to them (DEVI & MAJI, 2011; as potential sources of commercial insect SAFAEI-KHORRAM et al., 2011). Plant EOs control agents. From the standpoint of pest show wide and varied bioactivities against control, one of the most valued properties of both agricultural pests and medically EOs is their fumigant activity against important insect species, ranging from insects, since it may involve their successful toxicity with ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal use to control pests in storage without and adulticidal activities to sublethal effects having to apply the compound directly to including oviposition deterrence, anti- the insects. In this context, EOs have feedant activity and repellent actions as well received much attention as potentially as they may affect on biological parameters useful bioactive compounds against insects such as growth rate, life span and showing a broad spectrum of activity reproduction (EBADOLLAHI, 2011b; ZOUBIRI against insects, low mammalian toxicity, & BAALIOUAMER, 2011a,b). Accordingly, the degrading rapidly in the environment and use of plant EOs can lead to the local availability (BAKKALI et al., 2008; KOUL identification of new bioinsecticides. et al., 2008; RAJENDRAN & SRIRANJINI, 2008). Some of the plant families known as EOs are secondary metabolites that plants excellent sources of EOs with insecticidal produce for their own needs other than for properties that Apiaceae family is one of nutrition. The aromatic characteristics of them. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is one of the EOs provide various functions for the plants best known families of flowering plants, 150 Asgar Ebadollahi which comprise 300–450 genus and 3000– many analogs of one class) (REGNAULT- 3700 species. They are aromatic plant and ROGER et al., 2012). EO are natural products have a distinctive flavor which diverse that contain natural flavors and fragrances volatile compounds from the fruits and grouped as monoterpenes (hydrocarbons leaves. The plants of Apiaceae and oxygenated derivatives), sesquiterpenes (Umbelliferae) family are occurring (hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives) throughout the world, but it is most and aliphatic compounds (alkanes, alkenes, common in temperate regions and rare in ketones, aldehydes, acids and alcohols) that the tropics. The most obvious distinctive provide characteristic odors. Among feature of the family is the inflorescence, components of EOs, terpenes especially which is a simple or compound umbel. monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenes have Umbelliferae refers to the characteristic been shown to be toxic to a variety of insects umbellate inflorescence. Having bilaterally (HUMMELBRUNNER & ISMAN, 2001; LEE et symmetric flowers towards the outside of al., 2002; ERLER, 2005; STAMOPOULOS et al., the inflorescence tends to make the 2007). Previous studies have also shown that inflorescence as a whole resemble a single the toxicity of EOs obtained from aromatic flower (BERENBAUM, 1990; CHRISTENSEN & plants against insect pests is related to the BRANDT, 2006). The family includes many oil’s main components such as 1.8-cineole, herbs, spices and medicines, would rank carvacrol, eugenol, limonene, α-pinene and among the most important families of plant. thymol. For example, EOs from seeds of Although a number of review articles Coriandrum sativum, and Carum carvi L. were have appeared