8/20/2020 Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa | Alexander Street Front Matter Frontispiece Title Page and Credits THE NEGRO IN OUR HISTORY BY CARTER G. WOODSON, Ph. D. Editor of The Journal of Negro History, author of The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, A Century of Negro Migration, and of The History of the Negro Church THE ASSOCIATED PUBLISHERS, INC. WASHINGTON, D. C. Copyright, 1922 By The Associated Publishers To My Brother ROBERT HENRY WOODSON Preface This book was written five years ago and would have been published at that time, had not the high cost of printing during the World War rendered its manufacture too expensive. A few pages have been added to bring the work nearer to the present date, but the leading facts as set forth herein appear as they were originally written. The purpose in writing this book was to present to the average reader in succinet form the history of the United States as it has been influenced by the presence of the Negro in this country. The aim here is to supply also the need of schools long since desiring such a work in handy form with adequate references for those stimulated to more advanced study. In this condensed form certain situations and questions could not be adequately discussed, and in endeavoring thus to tell the story the author may have left unsaid what others consider more important. Practically all phases of Negro life and history have been treated in their various ramifications, however, to demonstrate how the Negro has been influenced by contact with the Caucasian and to emphasize what the former has contributed to civilization. The author is indebted to Mr. David A. Lane, Jr., who kindly assisted him in reading the entire proof. Carter G. Woodson. Washington, D. C. April, 1922. Contents CHAPTER PAGE https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389435#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 1/159 8/20/2020 Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa | Alexander Street I. The Negro in Africa 1 II. The Negro Enslaved 15 III. Slavery in Its Mild Form 34 IV. The Negro and the Rights of Man 51 V. Reaction 71 VI. A Declining Antislavery Movement 86 VII. Economic Slavery 99 VIII. The Free Negro 124 IX. Blazing the Way 138 X. Colonization 153 XI. Abolition 169 XII. Further Protest 182 XIII. Slavery and the Constitution 195 XIV. The Irrepressible Conflict 208 XV. The Negro in the Civil War 221 XVI. The Reconstruction 239 XVII. Finding a Way of Escape 260 XVIII. Achievements in Freedom 280 XIX. The Negro in the World War 305 XX. The Negro and Social Justice 329 Appendix 243 Index 373 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Frederick Douglass Frontispiece PAGE An African Youth 2 Waging War to Supply the African Slave Trade 3 Slavery among the Ancients 7 An African King and Council 9 Gustavus Vasa 13 An African Slave Market 17 Inspecting a Negro Captive 20 Branding a Negro Woman Slave 23 The Faithful Slave 26 The Dash for Liberty 35 An Advertisement of a Runaway Slave 37 Granville Sharp 38 Attorney for the Slave in the Somerset Case. The Punishment of a Runaway Slave 45 Entertainment 48 The Death of Crispus Attucks in the Boston Massacre 59 https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389435#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 2/159 8/20/2020 Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa | Alexander Street Peter Salem at Bunker Hill 61 Lemuel Haynes 63 A Negro Soldier in the American Revolution and later a distinguished Congregational preacher to white people in New England. Facsimile of an Honorable Discharge of a Negro Soldier from Washington's Army 64 Phyllis Wheatley 68 Benjamin Banneker's Almanac 69 Toussaint L'Ouverture 72 The Liberator of Haiti. Benjamin Franklin 74 An Advocate of Freedom. Richard Allen 78 The Founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. An Early Cotton Gin 79 Another Sort of Slavery 83 Thomas Jefferson 90 An Antislavery Reformer. The Negro Calls a Halt 92 Nat Turner 94 The Mother and Child 96 Josiah Henson 101 Prototype of Uncle Tom's Cabin. A Slave Auction 103 A Plantation 106 Rillieux's Evaporating Pan 110 The Pursuit of a Slave 113 Harriett Tubman 115 New York African Free School No. 2 135 Built a century ago. Freedom's Journal 137 A Negro Newspaper edited a century ago. Emlen Institute 139 A Secondary School in Mercer County, Ohio, admitting Negroes in 1842. Ellen Craft 142 A Fugitive disguised as her Master. William Still 143 An Agent of the Underground Railroad. Myrtilla Miner 144 A missionary Teacher of Negroes. Dr. J. McCune Smith 145 https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389435#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 3/159 8/20/2020 Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa | Alexander Street Free Negroes in the Crisis 146 William Wells Brown 147 Alexander Crummell 148 Henry Highland Garnett 149 J. W. C. Pennington 150 Samuel R. Ward 151 Harriett Beecher Stowe 152 Paul Cuffe 156 The first actual Colonizer. Lott Cary 158 John B. Russwurm 160 Robert Purvis 162 William Wilberforce 165 Martin R. Delaney 167 An Author, Physician, and Leader before the Civil War. William Lloyd Garrison 170 Lewis Tappan 171 Wendell Phillips 172 Antislavery Apostles 173 Prudence Crandall 175 A Martyr in the uplift of the Negro. Lunsford Lane 176 A Native of North Carolina, who lectured in the North against slavery. Lucretia Mott 177 Charles Lenox Remond 178 Sojourner Truth 179 Frederick Douglass 180 Southern Abolitionists 183 Gerrit Smith 185 White Martyrs in the Cause of Abolition 189 Senator John P. Hale 193 John Quincy Adams 196 The Champion of Free Speech. John C. Calhoun 199 Joshua R. Giddings 200 Friends of the Fugitives 201 William H. Seward 202 Promoters of the Underground Railroad 204 Joseph Cinque 209 Charles Sumner 210 https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389435#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 4/159 8/20/2020 Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa | Alexander Street Henry Ward Beecher 214 A Champion of Freedom. Benjamin F. Wade 219 The Defier of the Secessionists. John Brown 220 Abraham Lincoln 222 Negroes in the Service of the Confederates 224 U. S. Grant 225 Facsimile of the Original Draft of the Emancipation Proclamation 231 Robert Gould Shaw 233 Leading the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment. Col. T. W. Higginson 235 A Commander of Negro Troops. Teaching the Freedmen 241 Some Factors in the Reconstruction 243 General O. O. Howard 246 John M. Langston 247 John R. Lynch 248 A Member of Congress. H. R. Revels 249 United States Senator from Mississippi. Some Negro Congressmen 250 B. K. Bruce 251 United States Senator from Mississippi. Joseph H. Rainey 252 A Member of Congress. James T. Rapier 253 A Member of Congress. P. B. S. Pinchback 254 Acting Governor of Louisiana. The New Freedom 257 The first mixed jury in the District of Columbia. R. T. Greener 264 Joseph C. Price 266 Kelly Miller 267 Bishop H. M. Turner 269 A fearless Spokesman for his People. Booker T. Washington 275 W. E. B. DuBois 276 Oswald Garrison Villard 277 https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389435#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 5/159 8/20/2020 Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa | Alexander Street Moorfield Storey, a Friend of the Oppressed 278 President of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. A Negro Country Seat 282 The Home of Scott Bond. The Residence of Madame C. J. Walker 283 Julius Rosenwald 288 Andrew Carnegie 289 John D. Rockefeller and his Son 290 Robert Russa Moton 291 Matzeliger's Lasting Machine 295 Granville T. Woods 297 H. O. Tanner's Christ and Nicodemus 300 Paul Laurence Dunbar 302 A Result of the Migration 311 A Negro Teacher with Pupils of both Races. Colonel Charles Young 317 The New York Fifteenth in the World War 319 Major Joel E. Spingarn 324 An enemy of prejudice in the Army. First Separate Battalion of the District of Columbia 326 Receiving the Croix de Guerre in France. James Weldon Johnson 331 Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Miss Mary White Ovington 333 Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Dr. Francis J. Grimké 335 A Preacher of the New Democracy. Archibald H. Grimké 338 "A Defender of his People." MAPS The Distribution of the Negro Population in 1860 218 308- Percentage Negro in the Population of the United States by Counties, 1910 309 Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa Chapter I: The Negro in Africa https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389435#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 6/159 8/20/2020 Chapter 1: The Negro in Africa | Alexander Street The ease with which the Negro thrives in centers of modern civilization, in contradistinction to the destructive effect of this influence on the belated peoples like the Indians, has evoked admiration and comment. In the beginning of the treatment of the rôle played by the Negro in our history, then, it may be well briefly to examine the situation in Africa with a view to determining exactly what accounts for the facility with which the culture of the Negroes brought to Europe and America has so easily fused with the culture generally known as that of the white man. Has the culture of the Negro anything in common with that of the western nations, or is the Negro merely imitative, as is often asserted by many writers? Since most historians in this field know practically nothing about the Negroes in Africa prior to their enslavement, it will be profitable to give their situation in that land at least a cursory examination.