Norse brothers Social Democratic anti-Communism in Norden 1945-1962 Bjørnsson, Iben Publication date: 2012 Document version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Bjørnsson, I. (2012). Norse brothers: Social Democratic anti-Communism in Norden 1945-1962. Københavns Universitet, Humanistisk Fakultet. Download date: 25. sep.. 2021 NORSE BROTHERS Social Democratic anti-Communism in Norden 1945-1962 PHD-THESIS University of Copenhagen, SAXO Institute, Department of History, August 2012 Author: Iben Bjørnsson Supervisor: Poul Villaume 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 4 SOURCES ............................................................................................................................. 5 ABOUT THE TITLE ............................................................................................................... 6 ORGANISATION NAMES ..................................................................................................... 7 DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................................... 8 Anti-communism ............................................................................................................... 8 Security ............................................................................................................................. 9 Securitisation ................................................................................................................... 10 Intelligence and propaganda ........................................................................................... 11 Norden and Scandinavia ................................................................................................. 12 A NOTE ON THE USE OF THEORY .................................................................................... 14 THE THESIS ........................................................................................................................ 14 What I will not write about .............................................................................................. 15 2. COLD WAR HISTORIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 16 ‘CULTURE’ AND THE COLD WAR ..................................................................................... 17 THIS THESIS IN EXISTING HISTORIOGRAPHY .................................................................. 18 NORDEN AND THE COLD WAR ....................................................................................... 20 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES ........................................................... 22 Denmark ......................................................................................................................... 23 Sweden ........................................................................................................................... 24 Norway ........................................................................................................................... 25 Fragments: on the topic of this thesis ............................................................................... 26 3. ON ELITES & CORPORATIONS ........................................................................................ 27 THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ............................................................................. 28 4. ON STATE, PARTY AND POST-WAR (SOCIAL) DEMOCRACY ......................................... 31 LABOUR NORDISM ........................................................................................................... 31 BECOMING ‘THE PEOPLE’: DE-RADICALISATION ............................................................ 33 THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC STATE .................................................................................... 37 5. SEEDS OF HATRED: SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AND COMMUNISM .................................... 40 PRE WWII: PARTING .......................................................................................................... 40 POST WWII: CEMENTING ................................................................................................. 45 6. EDUCATE! AGITATE! ORGANISE! .................................................................................... 48 MIRRORING THE ENEMY .................................................................................................. 55 7. DENMARK ........................................................................................................................ 57 AIC ..................................................................................................................................... 57 INTELLIGENCE AND REGISTRATION ................................................................................ 59 CONTACT TO OTHER ANTI-COMMUNIST ORGANISATIONS ......................................... 60 8. SWEDEN ........................................................................................................................... 62 PERSONNEL CONTROL ..................................................................................................... 63 THE MAKING OF GROUP B/IB .......................................................................................... 64 GROUP B AT WORK .......................................................................................................... 66 9. NORWAY .......................................................................................................................... 68 HAAKON LIE AND ROLF GERHARDSEN ........................................................................... 68 HAWKS AND DOVES: THE SPLIT ....................................................................................... 72 10. SCANDINAVIA: COMMON CONCLUSIONS ................................................................. 75 11. FINLAND ........................................................................................................................ 81 TANNER, LESKINEN AND THE LEGACY OF WAR .............................................................. 81 1 THE FCMA TREATY ............................................................................................................ 83 FINLAND AND SAMAK ...................................................................................................... 84 THE NORWEGIAN CONNECTION .................................................................................... 85 WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM THEIR FRIENDS: FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR ANTI- COMMUNISM ................................................................................................................... 87 SAK, WFTU AND ICFTU ..................................................................................................... 92 TROUBLES ......................................................................................................................... 94 12. ICELAND ......................................................................................................................... 99 A STORY OF TURMOIL ...................................................................................................... 99 SETTING THE ICELANDIC HOUSE OF LABOUR IN ORDER: SCANDINAVIAN INVOLVEMENT ................................................................................................................ 104 13. ODD ONES OUT: COMMON CONCLUSIONS ............................................................ 112 14. COOPERATION: THE ANTI-COMMUNISM OF NORDEN ........................................... 115 15. 1945-49: STARTING UP AGAIN ................................................................................... 118 THE OFFICIAL SETTING: SAMAK ..................................................................................... 118 LABOUR CONFERENCES ................................................................................................. 125 BACK IN SAMAK .............................................................................................................. 127 A SPECIAL MEETING: HELSINGBORG 1949 .................................................................... 129 Communist organisation ................................................................................................ 129 Militancy ....................................................................................................................... 130 Finances ........................................................................................................................ 130 1945-49: IN CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 131 16. 1950-54: SETTLING INTO THE COLD WAR ................................................................. 134 A SECOND MEETING: STOCKHOLM 1950 ...................................................................... 135 Communist organisation, finances, campains and contacts ............................................ 136 Sabotage and security ................................................................................................... 137 BETWEEN MEETINGS ....................................................................................................... 139 NAMES: HELSINKI 1950 ................................................................................................... 141 Communist organisation and tactics