“A CRITICAL STUDY OF STUDENTS’ FINANCIAL ISSUES IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA” Thesis Submitted to the D. Y. Patil University, School of Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Submitted by Sanjivani Sonavane-Shelke (Enrollment No. DYP-PHD-126100005) Research Guide Dr. R. GOPAL DIRECTOR D.Y. PATIL UNIVERSITY, School of Management, Sector 4, Plot No. 10, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai – 400 614 June 2015 i “CRITICAL STUDY OF STUDENTS’ FINANCIAL ISSUES IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA” ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis titled “Critical study of students financial issues in Higher education in India” submitted for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Business Management at D.Y. Patil University, School of Management is my original work and the thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar titles. The material borrowed from other sources are incorporated in the thesis has been duly acknowledged. I understand that I myself could be held responsible for plagiarism, if any declared later on. The research papers published based on the research conducted out of and in the course of study are also based on the study and not borrowed from other sources. Place: Navi Mumbai. Sanjivani Sonavane-Shelke Date: Enrollment no: DYP-PHD-126100005 iii CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Critical study of students financial issues in Higher education in India” and submitted by Sanjivani Sonavane - Shelke is a Bonafide research work for the award of the Doctor of Philosophy in Business Management at the D. Y. Patil University Department of Business Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business Management and that the thesis has not formed the basis for the award previously of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title of any University or Institution. Also it is certified that the thesis represents an independent work on the part of the candidate. Place: Navi Mumbai Date: Guide Head of the Department iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I raise my heart with gratefulness towards the Good Lord for the providential succour provided towards me all through my life, especially during the three years of my association with D.Y. Patil University for my Doctoral studies. I am indebted to D.Y. Patil University and the School of Management for giving me this great opportunity to have my doctoral studies under its protective wings. I thank Dr R. Gopal; my Guide & mentor, who inspired and encouraged me to complete my work. My heartfelt gratitude is due for his scholarly guidance, constant availability, his unmatched human concern and wholehearted support. I am highly indebted to him for this work of mine and the personal growth in me. I express my thanks to my family members especially my Late Mother for source of inspiration and continuous support in my success. Place: Navi Mumbai Sanjivani Sonavane-Shelke Date: v Table of Contents Chapter Title Page Number No Preliminary Cover Page i Declaration ii Certificate iv Acknowledgement v Table of Contents vi List of Figures ix List of Tables x List of Abbreviations xii Executive Summary xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Meaning of the term Education 1 1.2 Definations 3 1.3 Nature of Education 4 1.4 Higher Education: In other words Education 8 1.5 Growth of Higher Education 12 1.6 Current Developments In Education With Particular 22 Reference To India 1.7 In Past Higher Education In India 25 1.8 Brief History of Education in India 30 1.9 Higher Education System in India 39 vi 1.10 48 2 Literature Review 71 2.1 Survey of Available Literatures 72 2.2 Conclusion 106 2.3 Research Gap 108 3 Research Methodology 108 3.1 Statement of Research Problem 109 3.2 Scope of Study 110 3.3 Research Objectives 110 3.4 Statement of Hypotheses 111 3.5 Research Methodology 112 3.5.1 Data Source 112 3.5.2 Research Questionnaires 112 3.6 Research Study 112 3.7 Data Analysis 113 3.8 Questionnaire Design 112 3.9 Objective of the Study 113 3.10 Hypothesis For The Study 113 3.11 Limitations of The Stud 113 4 Data Analysis 114 Pilot Study and Different Tests of Data Analysis 114 vii 4.1 Focus 146 4.2 Demographic Details 150 4.3 Hypotheses Specific Analysis 152 4.4 Frequency Data Analysis 164 5 Conclusion 174 5.1 Specific Conclusion 175 5.2 General Conclusion 178 6 Future Scope for Further Research 180 6.1 Recommendation 181 7 Bibliography 184 8 Questionnaire 190 viii List of Figures Fig No Description Page No Fig. 1. Technical Educational Systems in India xvii Fig. 2. Higher Education Institutions and Enrolment 10 Fig.3. Sector-wise Expenditure (in Crore Rs.) on Education 11 2013 -14 Fig.4. Quantitative growth of Engineering programs under 29 DTE-Decade-wise-2015 ix LIST OF TABLES Page Sr. No. Title No. 1 Descriptive Statistics For College Performance Indicators 117 2 Demographic - Course- Auto. Engineering 121 3 Demographic - Course - Civil Eng 122 4 Demographic - Course - Commu. Eng. 123 5 Demographic - Course - Comp. Eng. 124 6 Demographic -Course - E & Tc 125 7 Demographic - Course - It Eng. 126 8 Demographic - Course - Mech. Eng. 127 9 Demographic - Course - Design Engg. Pg 128 10 Demographic - Course - Constr. Pg 129 11 Demographic - Course - Comp. Sc. Pg 130 12 Demographic - Course - Network Pg 131 13 Demographic - Course - Structure Pg 132 14 Demographic-Course-B.Pharma 133 15 Demographic - Course - Pharma Pg 134 16 Demographic - Course - Cad Cam 135 17 Demographic - Course - Mba 136 18 Demographic - Course - Mca 137 19 Demographic - Accomo - Home 138 20 Demographic - Accomo – College Hostel 139 21 Demographic - Accomo - Private Hostel 140 22 Overall Score Demographic Details 143 23 Demographic - Course- Auto. Engineering 144 24 Demographic - Course - Civil Eng 145 25 Demographic - Course –Communication Engg. 146 26 Demographic - Course - Comp. Engg. 147 27 Demographic -Course - E & Tc 148 28 Demographic - Course - It Eng. 149 29 Demographic - Course - Mech. Engg. 150 30 Demographic - Course - Design Engg. Pg 151 31 Demographic - Course - Constr. Pg 152 x Sr. No. Title Page No. 32 Demographic - Course - Comp. Sc. Pg 153 33 Demographic - Course - Network Pg 154 34 Demographic - Course - Structure Pg 155 35 Demographic-Course-B. Pharmacy 156 36 Demographic - Course - . Pharmacy Pg 157 37 Demographic - Course - Cad Cam 158 38 Demographic - Course - MBA 159 39 Demographic - Course - MCA 160 40 Demographic – Accommodation - Home 161 41 Demographic - Accommodation – College Hostel 162 42 Demographic - Accommodation - Private Hostel 163 43 Frequency Data Tables For Hypothesis 164 xi List of Abbreviations AICTE All India Council for Technical Education AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Sciences ANSI American National Standard Institute API Annual Performance Indicators ASC Adacdemic Staff College ASER Annual Status of Education Report BCI Bar Council of India CEO Chief Executive Officer COA Council of Architecture DCI Dental Council of India DEC Distance Education Council ESD Education for Sustainable Development GER Gross Enrolment Ratio GOI Government of India ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research IIM Indian Institute of Management IIT Indian Institute of Technology ILO International Labour Organization INC Indian Nursing Council INQAAHE International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education IQAC Internal Quality Assurance Cell IRAHE Independent Regulatory Authority for Higher Education xii ISO International Organization for Standardization IT Information Technology JNU - Jawaharlal Nehru University LCD Liquid Crystal Display MCI Medical Council of India MOA Memorandum of Association NAAC National Assessment and Accreditation Council NBA National Board of Accreditation NCTE National Council for Teacher Education NEP New Economic Policy NET National Eligibility Test NGOs Non Government Organizations NIEPA National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration NIST National Institute of Standard and Technology NKC National Knowledge Commission NPE National Policy of Education NSS National Service Scheme OBCs Other Backward Classes OHP Over Head Projector PCI Pharmacy Council of India PISA Programme for International Student Assessment POA Programme of Action QS Quality Standard R&D Research and Development xiii RUSA Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyaan SCs Scheduled Castes SEZ Special Education Zone SQL Students' Quality Literacy SSA Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan MBA Master of Business Studies TES Trade in Education Services TRIPS Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TOFEL Test of Fluency in English Language TFHES Task Force on Higher Education and Society UGC University Grants Commission UK United Kingdom UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VIIT Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology PG Post graduate UG Under graduate PEO Programme Educational Objectives NCERT National Council of Educational Research and Training NCHER National Commission of Higher Education and Research xiv Executive Summary Education has always been considered as the only key component of human development and greatest liberating force.. A large numbers of additional students are knocking at the doors of higher education institutions in the country. With the public funding being no more in a position to take-up the challenging task of expansion and diversification of the higher education system. The role of higher education in the emerging scenario of knowledge economy is very crucial and multifaceted for any country in general and India in particular. To keep the higher education within the reach of poor aspir-ants, there is a strong case for effective monitoring and regulation of the private sector. Hence, it is high time for planners, policy makers and practitioners of higher education to ponder over it and make necessary reforms in the course and strategies so that employability skills can be developed among the students. The Indian system of higher education is both enormous and complex.