MAHAkANI JIND R* A Dissertation submitted to THE PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA in lieu of one of the papers for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY 1977-78 Supervised by i DR. KIRPAL SINGH EPAR7MENT 01- IS1 >RY 'NJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIA' A 49 1\ ** + • i # MAHARANI JIND KAUR A Dissertation submitted to THE PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA in lieu of one cf the papers for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY 1977-78 Supervised by i Submitted by : DR. KIRPAL SINGH HARPREET KAUR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA MAHARANI JIND KAUR A Dissertation submitted to THE PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA in lieu of one of the papers for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY 1977-78 Supervised by i Submitted by : DR. KIRPAL SINGH HARPREET KAUR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA 2.1*2II I £ AIM Certified that Mies Harpreet K ur, student of M.A. (History) class of the Punjabi University, Pati8lat hse worked under my guidance and that the accompanying dissertation entitled "Maharani Jind Kaur whioh she has submitted, herewith, is her genuine work. ( DR.JKIEPAL SINGH ) Department of History, Puaiahi tJniversity, PATlAlA. l|O^C I Rani Jind Kaur, the most remarkable vowpn in Sikh history was the youngest wifs oi Maharaja Rsijit Singh Maharani Jind Kaur had a fascinating personality. She was the Queen-Mother of the lest Sikh Sovereign Maharaja Dali - Singh and is oailed Queen-Mother by the various European writers as well as contemporary writers. She was popularly known as Rani Jindsn or Jind Kaur. Of all the wives of Maharaja Rsnjit Singh, only Real Jindan was destined to play an important role in Sikh history. The topic of this dissertation was suggested by my respected teachers and I too was interested arid attracted towards this great personality who had played a very significant role for the freedom of Punjab from the British yoke. We don't find any detailed aooount about her early career. However this thesis has been based on the contemporary sources like Smyth, Lala Sohan Lai Suri, MacGregor, Fearse Hugh, Lady Login JSteinbech ,Broadfoot and Cunningham etc. Important secondary souroes have also been consulted. I a& thankful to my respected tssoher and supervisor Dr. Kirpal Singh who painstakingly read and criticised my manuscripts, and helped me with innumberable books and suggestions and always found time to help me in completing this work. It is due to his ever-ready help that this work has been mads possible. I take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciations for the indispensable guidance he rendered to me. I also wish to oonvey my special ii. gratitude to JDr, Pauja Singh, Head of the Department of Hi8tory, Punjabi University, Patiala for his valuable suggestions. I an also thankful to Dr. Sarjit Singh Bel ft and Dr. S.K. Baja^ for their valuable suggestions. I am elao thankful to ay departmental library, Central State Public libraxyt Patiala; Bepartmmt of Punjab Historical Studies Library, Punjabi University, Patialai atiai Mohan o w. ingh Vaid, Section of Punjabi University, Patirlr and also Punjab State Archives and its staff for their cooperation I as also thankful to ay dear elder sister Kanwal who inspired me and help me to accomplish this vork. I am grateful to all my friends particularly Versha Sarin for her unmitigatinj enoouragamant and cooperation. t HARPREET KAUR $ 0 S. nOoAa-n 5i*^ T^^liflA, 45- c, motLd 7^r) PoJriahx. r C2a^^ CHAPTER I. EARLY LIFE AND BliiTH OP DALIP SINGH....... 1 II DELATIONS VJITH DOGRA FBQM 1843-45........ 14 III RANI JIND KAUR AND FIRST-SIKH WAR .,27 IV CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO H, R BANISHMENT...40 V HER STRUGGLE POR INDEPENDENCE 57 VI THE LAST PHASE 72 VII CHARACTER AND ESTIMATE 90 I • At LETTERS OF MAHARANI JIND KAUR TO JOHN LAWRENCE 1 APPENDIX »B' LETTER OF MAHAKANI JIND KAUR TO RAJA SHER SINGH ATTARIWALA .10 MBLIOGKAPHY !•*? -KLi uvi am BIRTH OP DAiiir sniaa Jind Kaur vas the daughter of Sardar Manna Singh, an ulakh Jat. who helled from a small village Checher 1 district Gujaranwela, now In West Pakistan. Aulakh Jat or urek, Jat tribe, whose headquarters were mainly situated in Aarltsar District. There they owned twelve villagesi they were also found in the northern Malwa; Territory in the South of Sutlej. They were said to he of the Solar descent, and their ancestor Aulakh lived somewhere in the Majha territory viz. territory between the Beas and Ravi. longwlth the 41* rthe *t Malwa the Aulakhs vere also found in Majha. Bat another etory make© their »••• est or one Baja * lui Lak, a Luner Raj put • They vere related to the iTfchu and Deo tribes vith vhom they 4 • inter-marry. In AmritBar district Aulakhs give their following pediagree t Ram Chander Majang Kasab Markhanb Geo i haul I Raghu Mendel I UdeRun Danich Para Aulakh 2 lla£;e Cher in the Pii&lab Chlnf But that does not appear to be correct 2. vinoe. H.A. Rose Vol. II p.25, at i el a, 2 This Pedigree makes Aulakhs akin to the Pannu Jats aald that the ancestors of Pannua were also 8 j puts, believed that they are also to ba the Solar descent. They are ohiefly found In Amritear and Qurdaspur Districts but they owned acme villages in Sialkot District. According to the following Pedigree Pannua era descendants of Raghu, an ancestor of the AulakhB. Reghu Hamohander Lahu i Parlchhat i Taloohar Shah Achraj Dhanioh I Pannun In course of time the Aulakhs were converted to Islam. The Muslim Aulakhs have a ourious tale of their conversion. According to A Glossary of the Castes and and tribes of Punjab and North est Frontier Provinoe. it is said that a complaint was made to Emperor Humayun that Pir Muhammad Raja drank 'bhang' In defiance of the Luranio prohibition. So the Emperor punished the saint. The saint had to walk along a narrow path beset with poisoned words, and even a ferocious elephant pursued hlnu But one of his disciple killed the elephant with his 3 staff and as he walked the turned Among the Jiaperors courtier was Raja Aulakh, Punwar Rajput, who at once embraced I elan* The saint returned and oonvertcd Aulakh followed him, conquered the country t)i« the Balun and gave it to the Fira. She emperor aleo pleased and conferred it in the Jagir. though the Aulakh continued to administer it until about 175 years when their pov/er declined 1 Similarly some of the iailekhe came under the influence of Sikhisa during sixteen and seventeen centurlesa Aulakh Jets Aaritsar district played a promin ti# during Maharaj Ranjit Singh time. The father of Haharanl Jlnd Xaur waa a Aulakh Jet. * We don't find much details shout the early life of Jlnd Ksur due to paucity of sources* Jlndsn's father S. Manna Singh waa a Aulakh Jat. At an early age he entered the service of Ranjit Singh as a dog-keeper. He waa a lumedan in the Darhar of Maharaja Ranjit Singh on the establishment maintained for looking after the department hunting • !• Thua oecause job he waa in direct conteot with Maharaja Kan jit Singh2 Rani Jind Kaar waa born, in 1817 A.3). in his native village Chache three milaa from the Oujronwale, now in West Pakistan. She waa the third daughter of her parents. She grew to be very beautiful as well ae charming girl. Since she wee very beautiful ahe wee called Chanda , which in Punjabi meana "moon**. 1. t Frontier Piovince Vol. II p. 25 2. p.9 3. ft Major G.C. Smyth p.92, 4 She combined great personal chara with characteristic strength i of man , Her dazzling beauty must have attracted Maharaja Ran jit Singh and it can explained aa that in the ye or 1828 Ranjit Singh, while in the neighbour-hood of Gujrenwala wae told about her beauty. Ihe Maharaja sent for Jawalla Singh Puddanio, eon-in-law of Manna Singh* He wae married to the eldest daughter of Manna Singh. The result of these inquiric was that Ranjit Singh sent proposals to Manna Singh for his daughter Chsnda. Ths old chief arrived at Amritsar. Smyth writes, the girl Ghanda waa for the first time ushered into his presence, and he seamed much disappointed and not a little angry on finding, that instead of being I sixteen or seventeen years of &i,e, as represented by Dii Kunaoo who was a servant of Ranjit Singh and others who had first spoken of her to him, she was only between nine and t«» wever. aha had some beauty and a promising look, ten* As• ffi- that she should be retained in ths Zenana on •2 stipend of two rupees her di i*M The above version doe a *:• eeems to be all correct does not get confirmation »)« any Indian sources Sacondly on one eide G#C, Oayth wrote that Maharaja not «M« iwn Manna Singh father of Jind Kaur. Maj Smyth had • •••« that before this Maharaja and Manna Singh vera not ««»• wn to each other. But at the seme time he also writes this that Manna Singh, father of Jind Kaur, e. Hov.30, 1975. Rami Jindsn Kmr eauty of the 19th Century Punjab" by an M. Khilnani. ol ths P.95 5 entered the service of Ran jit Singh as a dog-keeper at an •arly age. If the latter version ia taken to •;i CO ^^^^^^^M^^^^^^^M^B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»S»^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 then Ranjit Singh would have known Manna Singh.