ISSN 1020-5292 i FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 5 Suppl. 9 AQUACAQUACULTUREULTURE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT 9.9. DevelopmentDevelopment ofof aquaticaquatic geneticgenetic resources:resources: Aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture play a vital role in contributing to global food security and nutrition, as well as sustainable livelihoods. FAO, in AA frameworkframework ofof essentialessential criteriacriteria consultation with the Committee on Fisheries Advisory Working Group on Aquatic Genetic Resources and Technologies agreed on the need to develop this Framework to support countries in assessing their national capacities to conserve, sustainably use and develop their aquatic genetic resources of relevance for the aquaculture sector. The guidance within the Framework covers five main components: information and databases; governance, policy and planning; infrastructure and equipment; capacity building and training; and enabling the private sector. Each component contains a set of essential requirements that would need to be created or better developed. A number of annexes and case studies on specific topics are also included to provide further guidance on implementing the essential requirements under the different components. Cover illustration: José Luis Castilla Civit FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 5 Suppl. 9 AQUACULTUREAQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT 9.9. Development Development ofof aquaticaquatic geneticgenetic resources:resources: AA frameworkframework ofof essentialessential criteriacriteria FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2018 Required citation: FAO. 2018. Aquaculture Development 9. Development of aquatic genetic resources: A framework of essential criteria. TG5 Suppl. 9. Rome. 88 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 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Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. iii PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT n initial Framework was developed by D.M. Bartley and submitted to selected experts in AqGR who made substantial Arevisions in its organization in order to make the Framework more user friendly and concise, with supporting material included in Annexes. The Framework was further revised through the workshop “SADC-WorldFish-FAO Platform for Genetics in Aquaculture and Validation of the FAO Framework on Sustainable Use, Management And Conservation Of Aquatic Genetic Resources For Aquaculture”, 25–29 September 2017, held in Lusaka, Zambia. Finally, the Framework was reviewed by the FAO Committee on Fisheries’ (COFI) Advisory Working Group on Aquatic Genetic Resources and Technologies (Working Group), at their second session in Rome. In addition to the members of the COFI Advisory Working Group, the following people contributed to this final version of the Framework: D.M. Bartley, M. Halwart, Z. Jeney, K.K. Lal, D. Lucente, G.C. Mair and A. Stankus. The Government of Germany’s support for the development of the Framework is greatly appreciated. v CONTENTS Preparation of this document iii Acronyms and abbreviations vii Background ix Introduction 1 A Framework of Minimum Requirements 2 Information and databases 3 Governance, policy and planning 4 Infrastructure and equipment 5 Capacity building and training 5 Enabling the private sector 6 How to use the Framework 7 ANNEXES: 1 – Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System List 14 2 – Genetic technologies for the characterization of AqGR 15 3 – Technologies for genetically improving aquatic species 18 4 – Glossary 21 5 – Tools for the effective management of AqGR 23 Codes of Practice on Introductions 23 Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) 24 Precautionary Approach 26 6 – Capacity building 30 7 – Working with the private sector 31 CASE STUDIES 33 Case study 1. AqGR information management: German database on AqGR 34 Case study 2. Genetic improvement of tilapia in the Volta Basin 39 Case study 3. Selective breeding and dissemination of farmed aquaculture strains: the GIFT project and the INGA network 42 Case study 4. Impact of aquatic exotic species in the Pacific 54 Case study 5. Developing and distribution of the Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. jian) in China 60 Case study 6. Enabling the private sector: The Chile Foundation 64 Case study 7. Genetic resources management policy in Iran (Islamic Republic of) 67 vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AGRDEU National Inventory for Aquatic Genetic Resources (Germany) AqGR Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture AREEO Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (Islamic Republic of Iran) ARDEC Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (Ghana) ASFIS Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System BLE Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (Germany) CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries COFI FAO Committee on Fisheries CRISPR Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats DOI Digital Object Identifier eDNA Environmental DNA FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCh Chile Foundation FFRC Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences GIFT Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia the Framework Framework of Minimum Requirements for Sustainable Management, Development, Conservation and Use of Aquatic Genetic Resources IBV Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity viii ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICLARM International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management (now known as WorldFish) IFSRI Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute IHHN Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis IMPs Introduced Marine Pests INGA International Network for Genetics in Aquaculture ISCAAP International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MTA Material Transfer Agreement NASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization PICT Pacific Island Countries and Territories PIT Passive Integrated Transponder PNG Papua New Guinea PPP Private Public Partnership R&D Research and Development SNPs Single-nucleotide polymorphisms SoW AqGR State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture TIVO Tilapia Volta UNDP United Nations Development Program URL Uniform Resource Locator Working Group COFI Advisory Working Group on Aquatic Genetic Resources and Technologies ix BACKGROUND 1. From ancient times, fishing from oceans, lakes and rivers has been a major source of food, a provider of employment and other economic benefits for humanity. Ocean productivity seemed particularly unlimited. However, with increased knowledge and the dynamic development of fisheries and aquaculture, it was realized that living aquatic resources, although renewable, are not infinite and need to be properly managed, if their contribution to the nutritional, economic