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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-24,703 WAGENER, Mary Louise, 1948- PIONEER JOURNALISTINNEN, TWO EARLY TWENTIETH- CENTURY VrtNNtStcASES: BERTA ZUCKERKANDL AND ALICE SCHALEK. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 History, modern Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © Copyright by Mary Louise Wagener 1976 PIONEER JOURNALISTINNEN, TWO EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY VIENNESE CASES: BERTA ZUCKERKANDL AND ALICE SCHALEK DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mary Louise Wagener, B.A., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee: Approved by Professor Carole Rogel Professor June Fullmer Professor John Rothney Adviser Department of History PREFACE The idea of fin de siecle Vienna conjures up many images, intellectual and erotic. Integral to the period which spawned these images are the influential newspapers and the journalists who wrote for them. This study will, I sincerely hope, shed new light on that fascinating period by focusing on the contribution of the Viennese Joumalistin of the period as represented by two women journalists, Berta Zucfcerkandl and Alice Schalek. Thus, a close 1 examination of these participants in the formative phase of twentieth-century cul­ ture will perhaps serve as a partial corrective for the traditional conception of the woman's passive role in Viennese intellectual life. My initial interest in the period was stimulated by research for my Master's thesis, "Arthur Schnitzler and the Decline of Austrian Liberalism," and heightened by reading William Johnston's brilliant volume on intellectual and social history, The Austrian Mind. To an extent I have followed Johnston's suggestion that scholars "reexamine the entire range of modern Austrian thought." This dissertation begins to explore the active role of women in the "woman-steeped society" of fin de siecle Vienna. i In my effort I have been aided by intellectuals in both the United States and Austria. Professor Kurt Paupie’, University ii of Vienna's Institute fur Zeitungswissenschaften, Frau Professor Hermine Miiller-Hofmann, Dr. Gunther Nenning of the Austrian Jour­ nalists' Union and Liljan Espenak of New York provided valuable clues to the personalities and circumstances of the early Journalxstinnen. The staffs of the Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Kriegsarchiv and Bibliothek der Stadt Wien were most helpful. Finally, I owe special thanks to my advisor, Professor Carole Rogel, for her insightful editorial assistance, and to those readers who, in the manner of Karl Kraus, contributed perceptive critical comment. iii VITA. March. 24, 1948 Born. - Springfield, Massachusetts / 1970 ............... B.A., magna cum laud a, Marymount College, Tarrytown, New York 1970-1975.................. University Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (dissertation Fellowship Year in Vienna, Austria, 1974-1975) 19.71-1974; 19.75-1976 .... Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972 ..................... M.A., with distinction, The Ohio • State University, Columbus,. Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: European History East Central Europe: Professor Carole Rogel Nineteenth Century France: Professor John Rothney Twentieth Century European Intellectual History: Professor David Lindenfeld Colonial Latin America: Professor Stephan Stoan iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE.................................................. II V I T A 1 ...... Iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..................................... vi CHAPTER I. - INTRODUCTION.................................... 1 II. THE VIENNESE PRESS SINCE 1848 AND THE EMERGENCE OF WOMEN JOURNALISTS IN VIENNA...................................... 8 III. BERTA ZUCKERKANDL: JOURNALISTIN AND PUBLICIST OF MODERN ART AND CULTURE.............. 56 IV. ALICE SCHALEK, CAREER JOURNALISTIN: PIONEER TRAVEL WRITER AND WAR CORRESPONDENT................................... 125 V. CONCLUSIONS.............. 186 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................. 198 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AI - AM IS0N20 MARZ BIS JULI 1916 KPQ - KRIEGSPRE S S EQUARTIER NFP - NEUE FREIE PRESSE NWJ - NEUES WIENER JOURNAL NWT - NEUES WIENER TAGBLATT TiW - TIROL IM WAFFEN KRIEGSBERICHTE VON PER TIROLER FRONT WAZ - WIENER ALLGEMEINE ZEITUNG vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION As the title of this dissertation indicates, women were indeed active in the influential press of Vienna in the early twen­ tieth century. The following pages will examine in detail the work of two individual Journalistinnen of the period and will demonstrate that they had a definite, positive impact on the society which nur­ tured the cultural flowering that accompanied the decline of the Habsburg Empire. First I offer a preliminary survey of the develop­ ment of the press in Vienna after 1848 and of the social and economic circumstances encountered by the first Viennese women journalists. Following this, I investigate the intellectual contributions of the two most noted Journalistinnen of the early twentieth century: Berta Zuckerkandl, the first woman journalist of any importance who contri­ buted regularly to the Viennese press and Alice Schalek, the first woman travel and war correspondent to write for a Viennese newspaper. In examining the published work of these previously uninvestigated figures of the Viennese press, the historian gains a valuable insight into pre- and postwar Viennese society and cultural life from the perceptive viewpoint of two observant and well-placed Journalistinnen. However, Berta Zucfcerkandl and Alice Schalek utilized their positions not merely to serve as ''Spiegel der Zeit” (mirrors of the time), hut to crusade actively and effectively for their own particular causes. Both seemed aware that intellectual life and social mores in their city were in need of criticism, yet a sense of mission and a basic pride in Vienna prevented them from losing all faith in its powers of recuperation. Zuckerkandl championed the modem in art and theater against the Viennese predilection for an eclectic conventional style. Schalek sought to overcome Viennese indifference to the world outside the Kaiserstadt by drawing attention to two neglected aspects of the outside world: the situation of women and the fate of the com­ mon soldier in World War I. But their efforts would prove to be only partial remedies to Vienna's malaise, a fact that became clear to these Journalistinnen only when they were forced to flee into exile in 1938. As apolitical journalists, they campaigned against cultural ignorance and social insularity and gained the attention of their often indifferent fellow citizens for their causes through the most influential news medium of the period— the daily press. Newspapers played a major role in conditioning the social and intellectual milieu of the Habsburg capital. No Austrian with intellectual aspirations neglected a daily dissection of the various Viennese gazettes available for leisurely perusal at his favorite coffeehouse. In such a society a skilled professional journalist obviously had great influence. Indeed, wags when referring to Moritz Benedikt, the editor of the Neue Freie Fresse from 1880 to 1920, \ \ \ 3 remarked that next to him Emperor Francis. Joseph, was the most impor- 1 taat personage in Austria. i This state of affairs had not always prevailed in the Cisleithian part of the Empire. The initial section of my paper describes the rapid growth of the Viennese press after 1848, leading to the development of a number of mass circulation dailies