C S A S S C C S Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique Research Document 2007/043 Document de recherche 2007/043 Not to be cited without Ne pas citer sans permission of the authors * autorisation des auteurs * Conservation Status Report for Silver Rapport sur l’état de conservation de Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) in la lamproie argentée (Ichthyomyzon Canada unicuspis) au Canada Fraser B. Neave1, Gale A. Bravener1 and Nicholas E. Mandrak2 1 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sea Lamprey Control Centre, 1 Canal Drive, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 6W4 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 * This series documents the scientific basis for the * La présente série documente les bases evaluation of fisheries resources in Canada. As scientifiques des évaluations des ressources such, it addresses the issues of the day in the halieutiques du Canada. Elle traite des time frames required and the documents it problèmes courants selon les échéanciers contains are not intended as definitive statements dictés. Les documents qu’elle contient ne on the subjects addressed but rather as progress doivent pas être considérés comme des énoncés reports on ongoing investigations. définitifs sur les sujets traités, mais plutôt comme des rapports d’étape sur les études en cours. Research documents are produced in the official Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans language in which they are provided to the la langue officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit Secretariat. envoyé au Secrétariat. This document is available on the Internet at: Ce document est disponible sur l’Internet à: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/ ISSN 1499-3848 (Printed / Imprimé) © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2007 © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS / TABLE DES MATIÈRES ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... V RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................................................. V 1. SPECIES INFORMATION............................................................................................... 1 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES ........................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Name and Classification .................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Morphological Description .............................................................................. 2 1.1.3 Genetic Description.......................................................................................... 3 1.1.4 Designatable Units ........................................................................................... 4 1.2 DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Global Range..................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Canadian Range................................................................................................ 4 1.3 HABITAT CONSIDERATIONS.......................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Habitat Requirements....................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Habitat Trends................................................................................................... 7 1.3.3 Habitat Protection/ Ownership ........................................................................ 7 1.3.4 Identification of Critical Habitat....................................................................... 7 1.3.5 Studies Required to Identify Critical Habitat.................................................. 7 1.3.6 Identification of Residence.............................................................................. 7 1.4 BIOLOGY..................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Life Cycle and Reproduction ........................................................................... 8 1.4.2 Predation ......................................................................................................... 10 1.4.3 Physiology....................................................................................................... 10 1.4.4 Dispersal/Migration ........................................................................................ 11 1.4.5 Interspecific Interactions ............................................................................... 11 1.4.6 Adaptability ..................................................................................................... 12 1.5 POPULATION SIZE, TRENDS, AND UNCERTAINTY......................................................... 13 1.5.1 Search Effort ................................................................................................... 13 1.5.2 Abundance ...................................................................................................... 14 1.5.3 Recent / Historical Trends ............................................................................. 15 1.5.4 Potential for Recovery.................................................................................... 18 1.5.5 Rescue Effect.................................................................................................. 18 1.6 SCOPE FOR HARM ..................................................................................................... 19 1.6.1 Present/recent species trajectory? ............................................................... 19 1.6.2 Present/recent species status?..................................................................... 19 1.6.3 Expected order of magnitude/target for recovery? ..................................... 19 1.6.4 Expected general time frame for recovery to the target? ........................... 19 1.6.5 Is there scope for harm/mortality to the species that will not impede recovery?.................................................................................................................. 19 1.6.6 What is the maximum harm/mortality that will not impede recovery? ...... 19 2. THREATS TO THE SPECIES....................................................................................... 19 2.1 LIMITING FACTORS AND THREATS .............................................................................. 19 2.1.1 List of threats.................................................................................................. 19 2.1.2 Degree of harm from each threat .................................................................. 21 iii 2.1.3 Aggregate total harm/mortality from threats and compare to allowable harm to determine what level of mitigation is needed ......................................... 21 2.2 ASSESSMENT OF CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL AUTHORITIES IN RELATION TO THREATS .... 21 2.3 EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF “PRINCIPAL STAKEHOLDERS” IN RELATION TO THREATS ... 21 3. EXISTING PROTECTION ............................................................................................. 22 3.1 LEGISLATION............................................................................................................. 22 3.2 EXISTING STATUS DESIGNATIONS (DOMESTICALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY) ................ 22 3.3 RECOVERY MEASURES CURRENTLY IN PLACE ........................................................... 22 4. POTENTIAL CONSERVATION TARGETS .................................................................. 22 4.1 GOAL OF CONSERVATION MEASURES ........................................................................ 22 4.2 PROPOSED SPECIES REBUILDING/HABITAT RESTORATION STRATEGY ........................ 22 4.3 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS/RECOVERY SCHEDULE....................................................... 23 4.4 OTHER STUDIES NEEDED........................................................................................... 23 5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES .............................................................................. 23 5.1 SCIENTIFIC ................................................................................................................ 23 5.2 ECOLOGICAL............................................................................................................. 23 5.3 SOCIAL/CULTURAL .................................................................................................... 24 5.4 ABORIGINAL.............................................................................................................. 24 5.5 ECONOMIC ................................................................................................................ 24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. 24 TECHNICAL SUMMARY................................................................................................... 25 RANGE OF OCCURRENCE IN CANADA: MANITOBA, ONTARIO AND QUEBEC ........................ 25 RANGE OF OCCURRENCE IN CANADA: GREAT LAKES, UPPER ST. LAWRENCE ECOLOGICAL AREA.............................................................................................................................. 26 RANGE OF OCCURRENCE IN CANADA: SASKATCHEWAN – NELSON ECOLOGICAL AREA ....