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Table of Contents ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... 6 FORMAT OF REPORT ....................................................................................................................... 7 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 9 INTERNATIONAL DONOR HISTORY AND PRIORITIES ................................................. 15 History of International Democracy and Governance Support to Somaliland ............................................... 15 Issues ................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Alliances and Strategies .................................................................................................................................... 31 Donor Priorities for Democratization Support to Somaliland: ....................................................................... 34 CIVIL SOCIETY ................................................................................................................................ 41 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 41 Legal Context and Background ....................................................................................................................... 43 Actors ................................................................................................................................................................ 44 Resources .......................................................................................................................................................... 45 Alliances and Strategies .................................................................................................................................... 46 Future Considerations ...................................................................................................................................... 47 Somaliland Strategy Analysis Framework: Civil Society ................................................................................ 48 Civil Society Priorities for Democratization .................................................................................................... 50 Priority Opportunities for International Support ........................................................................................... 55 Civil Society Opportunity Map ........................................................................................................................ 59 PARLIAMENT .................................................................................................................................... 60 3 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 60 Legal Context and Background ....................................................................................................................... 60 Actors ................................................................................................................................................................ 63 Alliances and Strategies .................................................................................................................................... 65 Future Considerations ...................................................................................................................................... 65 Somaliland Strategy Analysis Framework: Parliament .................................................................................. 66 Parliament’s Priorities for Democratization .................................................................................................... 67 Priority Opportunities for International Support ........................................................................................... 76 Opportunity Map ............................................................................................................................................. 82 EXECUTIVE AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE ............................................................................ 83 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 83 Legal Context and Background ....................................................................................................................... 83 Actors ................................................................................................................................................................ 85 Resources .......................................................................................................................................................... 86 Alliances and Strategies .................................................................................................................................... 87 Future Considerations ...................................................................................................................................... 89 Somaliland Strategy Analysis Framework: Executive and Local Governance ............................................... 90 Executive and Local Governance Priorities for Democratization ................................................................... 92 Priority Opportunities for International Support ........................................................................................... 98 Opportunity Map ........................................................................................................................................... 102 POLITICAL PARTIES ................................................................................................................... 103 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 103 Legal Context and Background ..................................................................................................................... 104 Actors .............................................................................................................................................................. 106 4 Resources ........................................................................................................................................................ 108 Alliances and Strategies .................................................................................................................................. 108 Somaliland Strategy Analysis Framework: Political Parties ......................................................................... 109 Political Party Priorities for Democratization ............................................................................................... 111 Priority Opportunities for International Support ......................................................................................... 120 Opportunity Map ........................................................................................................................................... 130 MEDIA ................................................................................................................................................ 131 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 131 Legal Context and Background ..................................................................................................................... 132 Actors .............................................................................................................................................................. 132 Resources ........................................................................................................................................................ 134 Alliances and Strategies .................................................................................................................................. 134 Future Considerations .................................................................................................................................... 136 Somaliland Strategy Analysis Framework: Media ........................................................................................ 137 Media Priorities for Democratization ...........................................................................................................