k 503 Index Note: because of frequent repetition, arctic, alas (alasses), 183 subarctic, Northern Hemisphere, Antarctica, Alaska Highway, 65, 373, 390 northern Canada, western Canadian Arctic, alas-thermokarst relief, Yakutia, 182–185, Siberia, Alaska, Scandinavia andSvalbard are 293 not indexed. Geographic names and altiplanation see cryoplanation localities are kept to a minimum. AMAP, 37 Andersson, J. G., 3, 219, 296 a aquifers, 79–80 acid-rock drainage, Raglan Mine, Québec, asymmetrical valleys, 46, 268, 284–287, Canada, 420 364–365 active layer, 71–72, 82–85, 109, 171–175, aufeis (naledi) see icing, groundwater 223, 235–240, 268 k avalanches, snow and debris, 226, k Stefan equation, 84–85, 136–137, 170 228–230, 276 terminology, 82–83 thermal regime, 83 see also ground b temperature regime badland thermokarst relief, 186–187 transient layer, 83–84 Baer, Karl Ernst von, 15 active-layer detachments and slope failures, Banks Island, NWT, Canada, 46, 50, 179, 190–193, 226, 227–228 51–52, 177, 187, 189–191, 227, 245, active layer-permafrost interface see 252, 259, 274, 361, 364 transient layer Barn Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada, active-layer phenomena, 235–240 277, 282, 296–298, 348–349 active-layer thaw (thickness), 171–175 ‘baydjarakhii’ (cemetery mounds), adfreeze, 379, 382, 406, 408, 410 183, 377 adsorption, 66 Baykal-Amur railway, Siberia, 405 aeolian processes and landforms, 267–274 beaches, arctic, 262–264 niveo-aeolian sediments,COPYRIGHTED 273–274 beach-fast MATERIAL ice see ‘ice-foot’ loess-like silt, 274 beaded drainage, 186 sand dunes and sand sheets, 271–273 bearing strength (capacity), loss of, 379, wind abrasion, 269–271 382, 395 wind deflation, 271 Beaufort Plain, Banks Island, NWT, Canada, aggradational ice, 117, 141 46, 284–287, 361, 364 air-circulating shoulder embankments, 392 Beilu’he Permafrost Research Station, airstrips and runways, 376–377, 382, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, 405, 410–411 407 Aklisuktuk (‘the little one that is growing’), Belchatów, central Poland, 332, 359 14 Beringia, 304, 306, 311, 313, 314, 321 The Periglacial Environment, Fourth Edition. Hugh M. French. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. k k 504 Index biogeographic zonation, 41–60 Chalk dry valley, southern England, Alpine and subalpine, 43 351–352, 364 zonation (mid latitudes), 58–60 ‘channelled scablands’,eastern Washington, zonation (low-latitudes), 59–60 USA, 361–362 Antarctica, 60 chaos theory, 149 Low Arctic and High Arctic, 41–43 chemical weathering, 195–196, 204–208, Low Arctic Tundra, 42, 49–52 211 see also cold-climate weathering Montane zonation, 43, 60 Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, 37–38, Polar deserts and polar semi-deserts, 42, 44–45, 54, 91 44, 47–49 Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Polar desert-tundra transition, 49–50 (CALM) Program, 104–105, 108 see also tree line climate change, 35–38, 61–62, 110, 259, blasting, frozen rock, 419 293 see also IPCC; NIPCC blockfields (rock-rubble, felsenmeer), 3, climate-controlled permafrost see 197 see also mountain-top detritus permafrost blow-outs (deflation hollows), 271–272 climate, effect of orientation, 34–35, 87–88 boreal forest, 6, 56–58 climate warming and thermokarst, insects and rodents, 58 172–174, 375 Lapland, 56–57 climate warming, Arctic, 35–39 North American, Siberia, 6, 24, 39, 41, coal mining, 123, 419 see also Gruve 7 42, 46, 56–58 coastline evolution, influence of permafrost, bottom temperature of the winter snow 264–266 cover (BTS), 106 coasts and shorelines, Pleistocene, 304, k boulder barricades, 264 308, 343 k braided stream channels, 257–259 coefficient of cryogenic contrast (CCC), brecciated bedrock, 120, 122, 131, 197, 284 210–211, 325–326 bridge construction, 406, 408–410 coefficients of thermal expansion and ‘brodelboden’ see cryoturbation contraction, 141–144 ‘bugor’ see hydrolaccolith cold-air drainage, ice caves, 98 ‘bulgannyakh’, 159, 183 see also pingo cold-climate coastal erosion, Arctic, 176, bulk/dry density, 78 191, 264–265 cold-climate coastal processes, 260–267 c effects of sea ice, 260–261 calcretes see fragipans ice on the beach, 262–264 cambering and valley bulging, 288 storm events, 262 capillarity, 66, 67, 68, 83 wave generation and sediment transport, carbon dioxide (CO2), 10, 39, 47, 56, 62, 261–262, 268 106, 214 cold-climate coastal sedimentation, carbon storage, 9–10, 39, 46 263–264 carbon release, coastal erosion, 264, 265 cold-climate deltas, 266–267 case hardening, 208, 215, 270 see also rock cold-climate weathering, 195–217 varnish components of weathering, 196 catchment flow regimes, northern Canada, distinct nature, 195 249, 254 mineral-water reactions, 196 cave art, ancient man, 312 rates, 205–206, 214–215 ‘cave-in’ lakes, 185, 188 cold deserts, 17–19, 51, 60 cavernous weathering see salt weathering cold regions engineering, general principles, ‘cement’ ice, 115 see also pore ice 378–379 k k Index 505 cold regions engineering, general solutions, cryoplanation terraces (steps), 281, 283, 379–383 298 cold regions geomorphology see periglacial cryosolic micromorphology, 216–217 geomorphology cryosols, 215–216 cold regions geotechnical engineering, cryosphere, 8–10, 35–36 373 cryostratigraphy, 12, 111, 124–132, composite-wedge casts, 179 136–137 construction, ‘active’ methods, 379–382 cryostratigraphy and past environments, construction, ‘passive’ methods, 382–383 136–137 containment, waste drilling fluids, tailing, cryostructural analysis, 125–128 382–383, 415–416, 420–422 cryofacies, 127–128 contaminants, mining, 419, 420, 422 cryostructures, 125–127, 128–129 convective embankments for road and cryotextures, 127 railway applications, 383 cryosuction, 66–67, 68 convectively-cooled containment dykes for ‘cryo’ terminology, 15 dams and tailings ponds, 383 cryotic (non-cryotic), 72, 80 convexo-concavo debris-mantled slopes, cryoturbation(s), 215–217, 240–243, 336, 278, 280 339, 347, 349–351 coversand, 268, 351, 359, 360 cryptogamic crusts, 215 crop markings, 327–328 culverts, 382, 410 CRREL permafrost tunnel, Alaska, 126, 128, 132 d crushed rock embankments, 390–392, 402, Davisian periglacial slope evolution model, k 403–404 293–294 k ‘cryo-anchors’, 382 Dawson City, Yukon Territory, Canada, 22, cryobiological weathering, 208, 95, 107, 384–387 213–214 debris flows, 178, 276–278 ‘cryodiagenesis’,active and passive zones, ‘dells’, Łodz´ Plateau, Poland, 364 113 Dempster Highway, Yukon Territory, cryofront, 69 Canada, 406, 408–410 cryogenic textures, bedrock, 120–121 desert varnish, 270 see also rock varnish cryogenic weathering, 208–213 see also desiccation and wind abrasion, 42, 55 cold-climate weathering diamond mining, 382–383, 420 see also coefficient of cryogenic contrast, CCC, Ekati Diamond Mine 210–211 diapiric upturning and ‘drop soil’ structures, cryogenic disintegration, 210 337–339 physico-chemical changes, 212 differential heave and ice segregation see cryohydrosphere, 10 cryoturbation ‘cryohypergenesis’, 113 see also zero-annual dock facilities, Lena River, Yakutsk, Siberia, amplitude 400 cryolithology, 124 drilling and waste-drilling-fluid disposal cryolithosphere, 10 problems, 414–415 cryo-osmosis, 326 dry debris flow, 278 cryopediments, 281, 298 see also pediment-like surfaces e cryopedology, 215 Eagle River bridge, Dempster Highway, cryopeg, 71, 420 see also talik; saline Yukon Territory, Canada, 406, permafrost 408–410 cryoplanation, slope evolution, 294–295 ecosystem adaptations, 43, 54, 55 k k 506 Index ecosystem changes, 61–62 freezing, 65–67, 112, 117, 140–141 ecosystems Antarctica, 60 front, 69 arctic and subarctic, 41–59 downward and upward freezing, effects of orientation, 46 140–141 effects of vegetation, 44–47, 54, 90 and ice segregation, 65–67 see also flora and fauna, 44–47, 309–312, 397 segregated ice and permafrost, 54–55, 102–104 one and two-sided, 33, 83, 112, 217, ‘super-dominants’, 41 221–223 Ekati Diamond Mine, NWT, Canada, plane, 67 382–383, 420 and thawing indices, 196–197 elevational permafrost (climate controlled by freezing-degree days (FDD), elevation), 95–100, 313 30, 196–197 embankments, crushed rock, 382, freezing-point depression, 66, 71 390–392, 402, 403–404, 406, 407 frost and thaw ‘bulbs’,pipelines, 417 epigenetic and syngenetic cryostructures, ‘frost bursting’ see hydro-fracturing 128–129 frost-coated clasts, 278 ‘equiplanation’ see cryoplanation frost cracks, 118, 144, 326, 327, 332, 333 expanded joints, 121, 122–123, 339 frost creep, 219, 221–223 see also exploration problems, oil and gas, solifluction 411–414 frost damage ratio, 405 ‘explosive shattering’ see hydro-fracturing frost-disturbed bedrock, Pleistocene, 343–344 f frost-disturbed soils, Pleistocene, 347, Fairbanks, Alaska, 390–392 k 349–350 k Falkland Islands, South Atlantic, 3, 219, ‘frosted’ sand grains, 358–359 296 frost-fissure pseudomorphs and casts, felsenmeer see mountain-top detritus 327–333 fen (wetland), 56–57, 109–110 ice-wedge pseudomorphs, 329–331 fire, 57, 58, 92 sand veins, sand-wedge casts and fluvial processes and landforms, composite-wedge casts, 331–332 247–259 terminology, 327–329 fluvial ‘tapping’, 191 frost-free days, 19 fluvio-thermal gulley erosion, 284 see also frost heave, 69–70, 85, 140–141, 235–239, thermal erosion 378, 417 forest-tundra transition (ecotone), 42, amounts, 236 45–46 bedrock, 235, 237 ‘fortress’ polygons, 148–152 coefficient, 70 fragipans, 326–327, 359 see also pressures, 70 previously-frozen ground, evidence primary and secondary, 70 Franklin Avenue, Yellowknife, NWT, stress, strain, 70 Canada, 387–390 and thaw settlement, pipelines, 415, 417 frazil ice, 261