TEXTE 46/2010 Calculation of Emissions into Rivers in Germany using the MONERIS Model Nutrients, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | TEXTE | 46/2010 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY Project No. (FKZ) 204 24 218 and 205 24 204 Report No. (UBA-FB) 001410/E Calculation of Emissions into Rivers in Germany using the MONERIS Model Nutrients, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Dr. Stephan Fuchs, Dr. Ulrike Scherer, Ramona Wander Institut für Wasser und Gewässerentwicklung (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie), Karlsruhe Dr. Horst Behrendt, Dr. Markus Venohr, Dieter Opitz Leibnitz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Berlin Dr. Thomas Hillenbrand, Dr. Frank Marscheider-Weidemann, Thomas Götz Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung, Karlsruhe On behalf of the Federal Environment Agency (Germany) UMWELTBUNDESAMT This publication is only available online. It can be downloaded from http://www.uba.de/uba-info-medien-e/4018.html along with a German version. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions. ISSN 1862-4804 Publisher: Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) P.O.B. 14 06 06813 Dessau-Roßlau Germany Phone: +49-340-2103-0 Fax: +49-340-2103 2285 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de http://fuer-mensch-und-umwelt.de/ Edited by: Section II 2.2 Discharges and Inputs to Surface Waters Dr. Joachim Heidemeier, Antje Ullrich Dessau-Roßlau, September 2010 This report is dedicated to Dr. Horst Behrendt. Dr. Behrendt worked at the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) in Berlin. He developed the basics for river basin modelling and realized the model system MONERIS (MOdelling Nutrient Emissions in RIver Systems). He motivated us and many others to do this work and supported us substantially with his great experience. We mourn the untimely death of Dr. Horst Behrendt, who died unexpectedly in December 2008. SUMMARY................................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Background and aim ................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 The structure of the report ....................................................................................................... 4 2 THE METHOD ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Hierarchical structuring of the analytical units...................................................................... 6 2.2 Runoff model and runoff equation .......................................................................................... 8 2.3 Runoff calibration.................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Calculation of the water surface ............................................................................................ 11 2.5 Quantification of the emissions............................................................................................. 13 2.5.1 Point pathways ..................................................................................................................13 2.5.1.1 Municipal wastewater treatment plants ......................................................................... 13 2.5.1.2 Direct industrial discharges ........................................................................................... 13 2.5.1.3 Historic mining activities ................................................................................................ 13 2.5.2 Diffuse pathways ............................................................................................................... 14 2.5.2.1 Atmospheric deposition onto water surface .................................................................. 14 2.5.2.2 Erosion........................................................................................................................... 14 2.5.2.3 Surface runoff ................................................................................................................ 17 2.5.2.4 Tile drainage.................................................................................................................. 18 2.5.2.5 Groundwater inflow........................................................................................................ 18 2.5.2.6 Sewer systems .............................................................................................................. 18 3 GENERAL INPUT DATA................................................................................... 22 3.1 Analytical units ........................................................................................................................ 22 3.2 River discharge and quality data ........................................................................................... 22 3.3 Spatial input data..................................................................................................................... 24 3.3.1 Land use............................................................................................................................ 24 3.3.2 Digitale Höhenmodelle ...................................................................................................... 26 3.3.3 Precipitation data............................................................................................................... 26 3.3.4 Soil maps........................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.5 Geological maps................................................................................................................ 26 3.3.6 Share of drained arable land ............................................................................................. 26 3.3.7 Population.......................................................................................................................... 28 3.3.8 The populations connection rate to sewer systems .......................................................... 28 3.3.9 Sewer systems .................................................................................................................. 31 3.3.9.1 Distribution of combined and separate sewer system................................................... 31 3.3.9.2 Design capacity of combined sewage treatment........................................................... 32 3.4 Input data from municipal wastewater treatment plants..................................................... 34 I 4 SUBSTANCE SPECIFIC INPUT DATA............................................................. 37 4.1 Nutrients................................................................................................................................... 37 4.1.1 Point pathways ..................................................................................................................37 4.1.1.1 Municipal wastewater treatment plants ......................................................................... 37 4.1.1.2 Direct industrial discharges ........................................................................................... 39 4.1.2 Diffuse pathways ............................................................................................................... 41 4.1.2.1 Atmospheric deposition onto the water surface ............................................................ 41 4.1.2.2 Nutrient surpluse on agricultural areas.......................................................................... 41 4.1.2.3 Erosion........................................................................................................................... 42 4.1.2.4 Surface runoff ................................................................................................................ 43 4.1.2.5 Tile drainage.................................................................................................................. 43 4.1.2.6 Groundwater.................................................................................................................. 44 4.1.2.7 Sewer systems .............................................................................................................. 46 4.2 Heavy metals............................................................................................................................ 47 4.2.1 Point pathways ..................................................................................................................47 4.2.1.1 Municipal wastewater treatment plants ......................................................................... 47 4.2.1.2 Direct industrial discharges ........................................................................................... 50 4.2.1.3 Abandoned mining......................................................................................................... 51 4.2.2 Diffuse pathways ............................................................................................................... 53 4.2.2.1 Atmospheric deposition onto the water surface ............................................................ 53 4.2.2.2