MEDIA-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS DURING MUSHARRAF, ZARDARI AND NAWAZ’S REGIMES Ghani Rahman Roll No. BG-833376 ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY 2019 MEDIA-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS DURING MUSHARRAF, ZARDARI AND NAWAZ’S REGIMES Ghani Rahman Roll No. BG-833376 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Mass Communication at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Supervisor: Dr. Saqib Riaz August 2019 Co-supervisor Dr. Babar H. Shah DEDICATION Reverently dedicated to my parents, teachers and all my family members i DECLARATION I, Ghani Rahman solemnly declare that, this research work entitled “Media-Government Relations during Musharraf, Zardari and Nawaz’s Regimes” is solely the result of my own personal efforts under the supervision and guidance of my Supervisor and Co-supervisor. No portion or part thereof, has been plagiarized, copied or reproduced from others’ research works or dissertations. I do faithfully believe that this topic in its entirety, has not been approved and worked for the fulfillment of any academic degree in any university of Pakistan. Ghani Rahman Research Scholar August, 2019 ii STATEMENT OF SUPERVISOR It is certified that this research work entitled as “Media-Government Relations during Musharraf, Zardari and Nawaz’s Regimes” has been conducted by Ghani Rahman under my supervision and co-supervision of Dr. Babar Hussain Shah, and is therefore, accepted and approved for submission in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Doctor of Mass Communication at Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. Dr. Saqib Riaz, (Supervisor) Chairman, Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad August, 2019 iii Acceptance by the Viva Voce Committee Title of Thesis: Media-Government Relations during Musharraf, Zardari and Nawaz’s Regimes Name of Student: Ghani Rahman Accepted by the Faculty of Social Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in the Mass Communication. Viva Voce Committee ____________________ Dean ____________________ Chairperson ____________________ External Examiner ______________________ ______________________ Supervisor Co-supervisor Members_______________ _______________________ iv ABSTRACT This study explores media-government relations in Pakistan during the regimes of Pervez Musharraf, Asif Zardari and Nawaz Sharif. Under the ambit of Framing theory, two generic frames, responsibility and conflict from Semetko & Valkenburg Model (2000) and some issue-specific frames i.e. pro-government, pro-media, anti-government, anti-media and facilitation were analyzed. Dependent variables were the three regimes and coercion, violence against media, regulation, facilitation, responsible and irresponsible media were independent variables to see the impact of their relationship. Quantitative and qualitative content techniques were used to analyze the data with two separate code sheets as primary instruments. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and multiple regression tests were conducted in SPSS Version-21 and Nvivo::12 Plus software was used to explain relationship among relevant concepts in qualitative analysis. The sampling frame of quantitative data of four newspapers was 2880 days (102 weeks). Analysis revealed that genres predicting worst media-government relations jointly formed a sum of 1404 (69.50%) and items signifying good/normal relations were 538 (26.63%) out of the total 2020 genre. The highest degree of media suppression and interestingly, maximum media facilitation, both were reported during Musharraf era. ANOVA test with the mean difference; Musharraf 2.61(lowest of the three), Zardari 3.17 and Nawaz 3.50, supported the notion of the worst media-government relations during Musharraf era as compared to the other two regimes. Test of the 2nd hypothesis, “presumed greater media criticism over Musharraf’s regime”, with mean scores; Musharraf 4.55 (comparatively larger), Zardari 4.11, and Nawaz as 4.19 indicated that Musharraf’s regime was less criticized by the media as compared to Zardari and Nawaz regimes and hence, the assumption was not supported. Multiple Comparisons test showing a significant difference of 0.000 between comparison of Musharraf’s era with Zardari and Nawaz regime and relatively less significant difference of 0.005 between Zardari and Nawaz regime, partially supported the 3rd hypothesis. Keywords: Media-government relations, violence, coercion, regulation, facilitation v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Al-Mighty Allah, the Greatest Beneficent the Most Merciful, Who bequeathed upon me, His exceptional and unparalleled mercy, guidance and invisible help to complete this study. With profound reverence, I pray for my beloved late parents whose kind parental urge, moral training and all-time support during my entire up-bringing and educational life enabled me to reach to this position. I render immense gratitude to Dr. Saqib Riaz Chairman, Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad for his all-time support, jovial manner, painstaking guidance and professional supervision as my Supervisor for this study. I am sincerely thankful to Dr. Babar Hussain Shah Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad for his always friendly and scholastic counsels and proficient supervision as Co-supervisor throughout this research work. I also got valuable input and theoretical & methodological support from Dr. Bakht Rawan, Associate Professor, Dr. Saadia Pasha Assistant Professor, Dr. Shahid Hussain, Assistant Professor and Dr. Asad Munir, Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. I am obliged to all of them. Furthermore, I offer earnest thanks to my fellow scholars Ms. Hayyam Qayyum, Abdur Rahman Qaisar, M. Sher Juni, Mian Muhammad Ramzan and Muhammad Yousaf Alamgarian for their all-time, friendly and helpful discussions during the entire process of this degree programme. I am grateful to my entire family members for their continuous support during the completion of this research project. I am sincerely indebted to all the attached staff members of the Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad for their friendly behavior constant cooperation and procedural support in all official and academic matters. In the last, let me thank the management and staff of National Library of Pakistan for their sincere cooperation in collection of newspapers data, and Mr. Maqsood Shaheen of The American Center, Embassy of the USA, Islamabad for his earnest cooperation and practical help in extraction of data from the LexisNexis Data base. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents ............................................................................................. Page No Dedication ............................................................................................................................. i Declaration ........................................................................................................................... ii Statement of Supervisor ...................................................................................................... iii Acceptance by the Viva Voce Committee .......................................................................... iv Abstract ...............................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. vi Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii List of Abbreviations......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Historical Background of Media-government Relations ......................................4 1.1.1 Traces of Press-Government Relations in Ancient Period .....................................4 1.1.2 Press-Government Relations in Early Modern Europe ..........................................5 1.1.3 Press-Government Relations in Europe after the 20th Century .............................9 1.1.4 Press-Government Relations in the North American Continent ..........................12 1.1.4(A) Press-Government Relations in America .............................................................12 1.1.4(B) Press-Government Relations in Canada ...............................................................16 1.2 An Over-view of Press-Government Relations in Pre-Partitioned India .............18 1.2.1 Press Acts and Laws Introduced by the British India Regime ............................23 1.3 Press-Government Relations in Post-Independence Pakistan (1947-2000) ........36 1.3.1 Quaid’s Vision of the Press .................................................................................36 1.3.2 Press-Government Relations in Pakistan during 1947-1958 ...............................38 1.3.3 Press-Government Relations during Ayub Khan’s Era (1958-1969) .................42 1.3.4 Press-Government Relations