Journal of Finnish Studies Volume 23 Number 1 November 2019 ISSN 1206-6516 ISBN 978-1-7328298-1-7 JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458, Box 2146, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TEXAS 77341-2146, USA Tel. 1.936.294.1420; Fax 1.936.294.1408 E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL STAFF Helena Halmari, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Houston State University [email protected] Hanna Snellman, Co-Editor, University of Helsinki [email protected] Scott Kaukonen, Assoc. Editor, Sam Houston State University [email protected] Hilary-Joy Virtanen, Asst. Editor, Finlandia University [email protected] Sheila Embleton, Book Review Editor, York University [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Börje Vähämäki, Founding Editor, JoFS, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Raimo Anttila, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Michael Branch, Professor Emeritus, University of London Thomas DuBois, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison Sheila Embleton, Distinguished Research Professor, York University Aili Flint, Emerita Senior Lecturer, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University Tim Frandy, Assistant Professor, Western Kentucky University Daniel Grimley, Professor, Oxford University Titus Hjelm, Associate Professor, University of Helsinki Daniel Karvonen, Senior Lecturer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Johanna Laakso, Professor, University of Vienna Jason Lavery, Professor, Oklahoma State University James P. Leary, Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin, Madison Andrew Nestingen, Associate Professor, University of Washington, Seattle Jyrki Nummi, Professor, University of Helsinki Jussi Nuorteva, Director General, The National Archives of Finland Juha Pentikäinen, Professor, University of Lapland Oiva Saarinen, Professor Emeritus, Laurentian University, Sudbury Beth L. Virtanen, Dean, Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College Keijo Virtanen, Professor, University of Turku Marianne Wargelin, Independent Scholar, Minneapolis SUBSCRIPTION RATES 2019–20 Individuals: US $40 Institutions: US $60 Europe €40 Europe €60 ADVERTISEMENTS (BLACK & WHITE ONLY) Half page $50/€50 Full page $100/€100 Inside back cover $200/€200 Outside back cover $250/€250 MORE INFORMATION Contact Business Office, or http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_ira/finnishstudies/ ©2019 Journal of Finnish Studies OPEN ACCESS AND SELF-ARCHIVING POLICY The Journal of Finnish Studies allows immediate self-archiving, by our contributors, of the published version of their own articles, in institutional repositories—with proper reference to the Journal of Finnish Studies vol- ume, issue, and page numbers. With a 6-month embargo starting from the month of publication, the Journal of Finnish Studies also allows such self-archiving through public websites. All volumes of the Journal of Finnish Studies are available for electronic download from the journal’s website (“Covers and Contents”), with a twelve-month delay from issue date for the benefit of our paying sub- scribers. Since no government subsidies support academic journals in the United States, our traditional subscriptions are what makes it possible for us to continue publishing serious academic research, in English, about Finland and the Finnish diaspora for a global audience. Journal of Finnish Studies Subscriptions to the Journal of Finnish Studies are available through our website: http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_ira/finnishstudies/JFS_subs_and_ ads.html For a cumulative bibliography of articles published in the Journal of Finnish Studies, see http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_ira/finnishstudies/ JoFS_Articles.html Hardcopies of back issues are available directly from the editor at [email protected] Cover: Coat of arms of Turku. “On blue field a gold gothic A-letter [for Lat. Aboa ‘Turku/Åbo’], surrounded by four silvery lilies 1+2+1.” Original design by Tauno Torpo. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Turku.vaakuna.svg) Cover design: Scott Kaukonen The Journal of Finnish Studies expresses its gratitude to the Department of English and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Sam Houston State University for the important institutional support pro- vided. We also thank Suomi-Seura r.y. – Finland Society and Finland’s Ministry of Education and Culture for the media grant provided for the publication of this issue. Table of Contents 1 Helena Halmari: Editorial 3 Frog: Echoing Ideas in Discourse on Poetics: From Lowth’s parallelismus membrorum to Porthan’s rhythmus sensus 17 Veijo Pulkkinen: The Damn Machine: The Role of the Typewriter in the Genesis of Aaro Hellaakoski’s Poetry 41 Tuire Liimatainen: From In-Betweenness to Invisibility: Changing Representations of Sweden Finnish Authors 67 Dorothea Breier: Dismantling Boundaries: An Intergenerational Perspective on Trajectories and Mobile Experiences of Germans and Their Descendants in Helsinki, Finland Book Reviews 84 Beaulieu, Michel S., David K. Ratz, and Ronald N. Harpelle, editors. 2018. Hard Work Conquers All: Building the Finnish Community in Canada. Reviewed by Peter V. Krats. 89 Lummaa, Karoliina. 2017. Kui trittitii! Finnish Avian Poetics. Translated by Jaakko Mäntyjärvi, Emily Jeremiah, and Fleur Jeremiah. Reviewed by Nick Lantz. 93 Niemisto, Paul. 2013. Cornets and Pickaxes: Finnish Brass on the Iron Range. Reviewed by James P. Leary. 96 Smith, Ralph Henry, and Darrel G. Nicholson. (1933) 2005. A Sociological Survey of the Finnish Settlement of New York Mills, Minnesota and Its Adjacent Territory, Revised. Reviewed by James P. Leary. 99 Ihalainen, Pasi. 2017. The Springs of Democracy: National and Transnational Debates on Constitutional Reform in the British, German, Swedish, and Finnish Parliaments, 1917–1919. Reviewed by Paul Lubotina. 106 Contributors Editorial This open issue of the Journal of Finnish Studies brings to our readers four articles: two on language and scholarship; two on identity and cul- ture. The first article, Frog’s “Echoing Ideas in Discourse on Poetics: From Lowth’s parallelismus membrorum to Porthan’s rhythmus sensus” is an exploration of the intertextual relationships between the ideas of Robert Lowth in Oxford and Henrik Gabriel Porthan in Turku. Did the Oxford scholar influence Porthan with his writings on parallelism, and, if he did, why is Porthan not using Lowth’s terminology or making overt references in his studies to Lowth’s work? Through his investigation into the sources of Porthan’s terminology in his discussions of Finnish vernacular poetics, Frog proposes a chain of influences, originating from Lowth in Oxford and reaching Porthan in Turku, not directly but through a number of European scholars. Frog’s article is a healthy reminder of the practical restrictions of scholarship in eighteen-century Europe. Scholarly influ- ences were not necessarily direct, and this led to the similar concepts (in this case, parallelism in poetry) being labeled with different names. The second article in this collection brings the reader to the twentieth century with its different kind of challenge: the typewriter. Veijo Pulkkinen’s “The Damn Machine: The Role of the Typewriter in the Genesis of Aaro Hellaakoski’s Poetry” is an insightful account of how a technological change can influence a poet’s writing process. Hellaakoski’s production can be divided into the pre- and post-typewriter periods. Using illustra- tions of Hellaakoski’s manuscripts and typescripts, Pulkkinen introduces the reader to the genesis of this modernist poet’s works. Hellaakoski used the “damn machine” as a means of finalizing the appearance of his poems to how he wished them to appear in print; the typewriter was thus a means of controlling the process of publishing. The last two articles focus on migration and multiple identities. In “From In-Betweenness to Invisibility: Changing Representations of Sweden Finnish Authors,” Tuire Liimatainen looks at two Sweden Finnish authors, Antti Jalava and Susanna Alakoski, and how the reception of their books reflects the way these authors are seen through the eyes of the majority culture. Jalava was seen, first and foremost, as an “immigrant author,” while Alakoski was depicted as producing working-class liter- ature. It is difficult to know whether this change in the reception of the two novels, Jalava’s Asfaltblomman (1980) and Alakoski’s Svinalängorna (2006), is the result of the twenty-six-year difference in publication dates (and subsequent changes in how reviewers are expected to talk about literature) or differences in how these two authors characterize their respective young migrant protagonists and their identities. By detecting this difference in the reception of the novels, Liimatainen contributes not only to the discussion of Sweden Finnish authors in Sweden but the por- trayal of migrant writers in general among the literati. 1 Journal of Finnish Studies In her article “Dismantling Bounderies: An Intergenerational Perspective on Trajectories and Mobile Experiences of Germans and Their Descendants in Helsinki, Finland,” Dorothea Breier introduces the read- ers to two generations of German migrants in Finland—a population that has not been studied extensively. Breier’s research material comes from interviews provided by Germans living in Helsinki and by their grown children. The narratives reveal issues of identity and belonging; like the protagonists of Liimatainen’s two Sweden Finnish authors, with align- ment toward both Sweden and Finland, Breier’s research participants’