Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Screening for Resistance to Smut Disease of Twenty Seven Sugarcane Varieties ﻣﺳﺢ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻣرض اﻟﺳوﯾد ﻓﻲ ﺳﺑﻌﺔ وﻋﺷرون ﺻﻧف ﻣن ﻗﺻب اﻟﺳﻛر A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.Sc. Degree in Plant Protection By: Mohammed Ali Ahmed Hassin Sudan University of Science and Technology Department of Plant Protection B.Sc. Agric. (Honors), 2012. Supervisor: Dr. Ibrahim Saeed Mohamed Department of Plant Protection Shambat-College of Agricultural Studies Sudan University of Science and Technology 2016 اﻵﯾﺔ ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﱄ: وَﻫُﻮ َ اﻟﱠﺬِي أَﻧـْﺰَلَ ﻣِﻦَ اﻟﺴﱠﻤﺎءِ (ﻣﺎءً ﻓَﺄَﺧْﺮَﺟْ ﻨﺎ ﺑِﻪِ ﻧَﺒﺎتَ ﻛُﻞﱢ ﺷَﻲ ْ ءٍ ﻓَﺄَﺧْﺮَﺟْ ﻨﺎ ﻣِﻨْﻪُ ﺧَﻀِﺮً ا ﳔُْﺮِجُ ﻣِﻨْﻪُ ﺣَ ﺒﺎ ﻣُﱰَ اﻛِﺒًﺎ وَﻣِﻦَ اﻟﻨﱠﺨْﻞِ ﻣِﻦْ ﻃَﻠْﻌِﻬﺎ ﻗِﻨْﻮانٌ داﻧِﻴ َ ﺔٌ وَﺟَﻨﱠﺎتٍ ﻣِﻦْ أَﻋْﻨﺎبٍ وَ اﻟﺰﱠﻳـْﺘُﻮنَ وَ اﻟﺮﱡﻣﱠﺎنَ ﻣُﺸْﺘَﺒِﻬً ﺎ وَﻏَﻴـْﺮَ ﻣُﺘَﺸﺎﺑِﻪٍ اﻧْﻈُﺮُوا إِﱃ ﲦََﺮِﻩِ إِذا أَﲦَْﺮ َ وَ ﻳـَ ﻨْﻌِﻪِ إِنﱠ ﰲِ ذﻟِﻜُﻢ ْ ﻵَ ﻳﺎتٍ ﻟِﻘَﻮ ْ مٍ ﻳـُﺆْﻣِ ﻨُﻮنَ ((99)) ﺻﺪق اﷲ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻮرة اﻷﻧﻌﺎم((99)) I Dedication To my mother To my father To my sisters and brothers To my family To my teachers To my colleagues and friends With love and respect. Mohammed II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All thanks are due to Almighty Allah (SWT) who gave me health and strength, and helped me tremendously to produce this work. I would like to express my thanks to my supervisor Dr. Ibrahim Saeed Mohamed College of Agricultural studies, Sudan University of science and technology, who devoted most of his time to teach us on various disciplines of scientific research. Thanks are also extended to my dear teachers Khalid Bukhari for their continuous and unlimited helps during this study. From whose blessed hand the statistical analyses were produced. Also Special Thanks are due to my colleagues at the M.Sc. who helped me during the experiments. Grateful thanks are due to all the staff of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology. III List of Contents Title Page No. I.....................................................................................................................اﻵﯾﺔ Dedication ....................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................. III List of Contents .............................................................................................. IV List of Tables ................................................................................................. VI List of Figures .............................................................................................. VII List of Plates ............................................................................................... VIII Abstract .......................................................................................................... IX X ....................................................................................................... ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................. 4 LITREATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 4 2.1. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) .................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Description of the crop ......................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Sugarcane production worldwide ......................................................... 6 2.1.3 Yield and quality .................................................................................. 7 2.1.4 Nutritional value of Sugarcane: ............................................................ 7 2.2 Sugar cane production in Sudan .............................................................. 7 2.2.1 Constraints of sugar cane production .................................................... 8 2.2 Sugarcane smut disease ........................................................................... 8 2.3.1 Classification of sugarcane smut pathogen {Sporisorium scitamineum (Syd.) M. Piepenbr; Stoll, M. & Oberw, 2002} ........................................... 10 2.3.2Symptoms ........................................................................................... 11 2.3.3 The pathogen: ..................................................................................... 12 2.3.4 Variability .......................................................................................... 13 2.3.5 Disease cycle ...................................................................................... 16 IV 2.3.6 Dissemination of spores ..................................................................... 17 2.3.7 Environment ....................................................................................... 18 2.3.8 Economic Impact .............................................................................. 18 2.3.9 Prevention and Control ....................................................................... 19 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................ 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... 21 3.1. Location of study: ................................................................................ 21 3.2. Test varieties ........................................................................................ 21 3.3. Collection and maintenance of S. scitamineum inoculum ..................... 21 3.4. Seedbed preparation and planting materials .......................................... 22 3.5. Preparation of sugarcane differentials: .................................................. 22 3.6. Inoculation protocol/ methods and field design: ................................... 22 3.6.1. Dip methods (DM): ........................................................................... 22 3.6.2 Natural spreading method (NSM): ...................................................... 23 3.7. Disease incidence and assessment of resistance .................................... 23 3.8. Data collection ..................................................................................... 23 3.9. Statistical analysis ................................................................................ 24 3.10. Evaluation of sugarcane germplasm against smut: .............................. 24 CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................... 25 RESULTS ...................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Reaction of varieties inoculated with natural infection method .............. 25 4.2 Reaction of varieties to smut inoculated with dip inoculation method ... 29 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................ 35 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 35 Conclusions and Recommendation ................................................................. 37 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 37 Recommendation ........................................................................................ 38 References .................................................................................................. 39 Appendices..................................................................................................... 46 V List of Tables Title Page No. Table 1: Numerical rating system for sugarcane smut according to (Satya Vir Beniwal, 1978)*............................................................................... 24 Table 2: Rating varieties of smut disease reactions to smut inoculated with natural infection method in plant cane (PC) and in first ratoon (R1). ............................................................................................................... 26 Table 3: Rating varieties of smut disease reactions to smut inoculated with dipping infection method in plant cane PC and in first ratoon R1 ... 30 Table 4: Percentage of stool infection showed the correlation between the natural infection methods and dipping infection methods in plant cane. 33 VI List of Figures Title Page No. Figure 1: Percentage of smut stool infection in plant cane (PC) of sugarcane varieties inoculated with natural infection method ................. 27 Figure 2: Percentage of smut stool infection in first ratoon (R1) of sugarcane varieties inoculated with natural infection methods ............... 28 Figure 3: Percentage of smut stool infection in plant cane (PC) of sugarcane varieties inoculated with dip infection methods. .................... 31 Figure 4: Percentage of smut stool infection in fist ratoon (R1) of sugarcane varieties inoculated with dip infection methods ..................... 32 Figure 5: Percentage of smut stool infection in plant cane (PC) of sugarcane varieties inoculated with natural infection methods ............... 34 Figure 6: Percentage of smut stool infection in plant cane (PC) of sugarcane varieties inoculated with dip infection methods ..................... 34 VII List