APHERJ ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue No. 2 PHILIPPINE HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH CONSORTIUM Philippine Normal University Taft Avenue, Manila 2017 Asia Pacific Higher Education Research Journal (APHERJ) A Multidisciplinary Journal of the Philippine Higher Education Research Consortium Volume 4, Number 2 PHILIPPINE HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH CONSORTIUM PhilippineThe official researchNormal Universityjournal of the (National Center for Teacher Education) Copyright © 2017 of the individual works reverts to the authors. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. written permission of the copyright owners. No part of this journal may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the Published and exclusively distributed by the UNIVERSITY PUBLICATION OFFICE Philippine Normal University Taft Avenue, Manila Printed by the PNU Press ISSN: 2408-350x Cover concept and design by Mars Majul Lay-out by Mars Majul Subscription Information: All subscription inquiries, orders and claims should be Philippines; telephone: (02) 3171768 local 530; and email: . addressed to the Publication Office, Philippine Normal University, Taft Avenue, Manila, 1000 Subscription Price: Php 600.00 (inclusive of courier fee). [email protected] ii ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue No. 2 Editorial Board Advisory Board Dr. Ester B. Ogena Philippine Normal University Dr. Adora S. Pili Technological University of the Philippines Dr. Emanuel C. de Guzman Polytechnic University of the Philippines Dr. Jesus Rodrigo F. Torres Rizal Technological University Dr. Editha V. Pillo Eulogio Amang Rodrigues Institute of Science and Technology Dr. Bernard R. Ramirez Philippine State College of Aeronautics Dr. Joselita B. Gutierrez Marikina Polytechnic College Dr. Mathew A. Eichler Texas State University Dr. Ronnel B. King Hong Kong Institute of Education Dr. Nabeel Abdallah Mohammad Universiti Malaya, Malaysia Dr. Edward Joshua Pialago Chonbuk National University Dr. Quang Nguyen Osaka University Dr. Timothy Teo University of Auckland Dr. Dina Ocampo Department of Education Editorial Consultants Dr. Wilma S. Reyes Philippine Normal University Engr. Felipe Ronald M. Argamosa Technological University of the Philippines Dr. Joseph Mercado Polytechnic University of the Philippines Dr. Grant B. Cornell Eulogio Amang Rodrigues Institute of Science and Technology Dr. Rodante G. Flores Philippine State College of Aeronautics Dr. Luna G. Madera Marikina Polytechnic College Dr. Edna C. Aquino Rizal Technological University Volume 4 Issue No. 2 ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL iii PUBLICATION TEAM Lead Editor Dr. Marie Paz E. Morales Philippine Normal University Associate Editors Dr. Edna Luz R. Abulon Dr. Leonila C. Crisostomo Philippine Normal University Rizal Technological University Prof. Renato Butch R. Bituonan Dr. Racidon Bernarte Technological University of the Philippines Polytechnic University of the Philippines Engr. Rogelio T. Mamaradlo Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology POOL OF Reviewers International Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Tho Dr. Jeffrey Milligan Ayala Vietnam National University University of Nebraska Dr. Brenda Williamson Dr. Razak Abd. Samad Bin Yahya Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Dr. Mohd Asri Mohd Nor Hai Leng Chin University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia University of Malaya Dr.Razak Abd Samad Yahya Dr. Sri Harto, S. Pd University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Dr. Gerald Shenk Wilfred Espulgar California State University Osaka University Prof. Karanam Pushpanadham Dr. Ryan Arevalo The M.S. University of Baroda National Institute of Technology-Akashi Dr. D. Uma Devi Dr. K.P. Joo Gayatri Vidya Parashid College of Engineering Pennsylvania State University Dr. Sayantan Mandal Dr. Milan Pol National University of Educational Planning and Administration University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia Dr. Ace Suryadi Dr. Ines Gil-Jaurena Indonesia University of Education Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia Dr. Vina Severina Prof. Tae Rim Lee Universitas Nigeri Jakarta Korea National Open University Dr. NabeelAbdallah Mohammad Abedalaziz Achmad Ridwan Universiti Malaya, Malaysia Universitas Nigeri Jakarta Dr. Swee Hin To Dr. Mao Saroeun University of Peace - Costa Rica National Institute of Education Dr. Topsie Ruannie F. Tupaz Dr. Felipe Vista IV National Institute of Education, Singapore Chonbuk National University Dr. Bill Atweh Dr. Virginia Cawagas University of Queensland University of Peace iv ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue No. 2 Dr. Satyendra Singh Dr. Heba Obied University of Winnipeg, Canada Dr. Sharon Senk Dr. Handjoko Permana University of Chicago Department of Mathematics Dr. Nancy Law Dr. Mark Charles Baildon University of Hong Kong National Institute of Education, Singapore Joel Lonzaga Washington State University Prof. Raja Nor Safinas Raja Harun Universiti of Pendidikan Sultan Idris Dr. Mary Clare S. Escaño Fukui University Dr. Grace Moorefield Mam Chansean National Institute of Education Dr. Wang KaIun Dr. Hsian – Lin Liu Dr. Hanna Hopia Dr. Ubaid Yaqoob Local Basic Education & Teacher Education Dr. Rizaldi C. Nocon Dr. Marlene Ferido De La Salle – College of St. Benilde UP - NISMED Dr. Auxencia Limjap Dr. Minie Rose Lapinid Far Eastern University De La Salle University Dr. Genaro V. Japos Dr. Carlo Magno International Association of Multidisciplinary Research National University Dr. Cecilia Mendiola Dr. Twila D. Punzalan AusAID Dr. Melchor A. Tatlonghari Prof. Rene Romero City of College of San Fernando Pampanga Prof. Hermie Garrobo Dr. Teresita T. Rungduin Gimcheon University Philippine Normal University Dr. Ma. Victoria Uvas Philippine Normal University Technology and Engineering Engr. Nenet C. Graza Dr. Manuel C. Belino De La Salle University Mapua Institute of Technology Dr. Cesario A. Bacosa Jr. Holy Trinity Univeristy Science and Mathematics Jovito Anito Dr. Riza Reyes De La Salle University - Manila UP - NISMED Dr. Melanie David Dr. Allan Abraham Padama De La Salle University - Manila UP - Los Baños Dr. Michael Anthony B. Mantala Dr. Eric Punzalan UP - NISMED De La Salle University Manila Volume 4 Issue No. 2 ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL v Dr. Leo Mendel D. Rosario Dr. Emmanuel Rodulfo FEATI University De La Salle University Dr. Shirley Palisoc Dr. Maricar Prudente De La Salle University De La Salle University Dr. Billy Almarinez Dr. Gil Nonato G. Santos De La Salle University Head Chairman of Physics Department Dr. Lilibeth Coo Dr. Rodolfo S. Treyes UP Diliman UP - NISMED Dr. Perry Esguerra Dr. Leonora Panlasigui National Institute of Physics Philippine Women University Social Science, Business & Policy Research Jomar Empaynado Dr. Ma. Jenina Nalipay Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Normal University Dr. Praksis Miranda Dr. Sterling Miranda Plata Philippine Normal University De La Salle University Dr. Twila Punzalan Prof. Darwin C. Rungduin AusAID Colegio de San Juan de Letran Dr. Zenaida Q. Reyes Dr. Elizabeth R. Ramos Philippine Normal University St. Paul University Dr. Paolo Niño M. Valdez Dr. Socorro Aguja De La Salle University Manila Technical Assistant/PHERC Secretariat Ms. Elanor O. Bayten Layout/Graphic Artist Mr. Mars M. Majul Printing Staff Mr. Guillermo Raul G. Fernandez Mr. Plaridel E. Escobilia Managing Editor Dr. Inero V. Ancho Philippine Normal University Publication Staff Ms. Sienna Joy C. Galit Ms. Cerniessa F. Gonzaga Ms. Ma. Gleciely B. Losbañes Web Editor Patricia Mae C. Purificacion vi ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue No. 2 Foreword APHERJ, 4(2) A good number of quality research through publication to showcase both products, including processes that inform in the national and international virtual practices in Philippine education are research world, top-notch articles from authors of remarkable caliber across the education system to achieve quality. Filipino Philippines. Currently, the Asia-Pacific researchersat hand to activelyinfluence seek the forquest processes, of the Higher Education Research Journal knowledge and products that may inform (APHERJ) proudly presents six researches practices and may be implemented to boost that may stimulate the minds of our patron our education system. Bringing back the readers on how these research products culture of research and quality-in-research may benefit the country and be of help with a blend of quantity-in-research may attain quality education. be initiated by new paradigms, perspective and research frameworks of the university The multidisciplinary nature of or education institution to augment quality. APHERJ is what sets it apart from other Currently, research products are expected to be shared and disseminated through contribution of different disciplines in research publications, which are eventually specialized journals recognizing the the following Higher Education Institutions as publication count, citations, combined (HEIs)education. that Featured contributed in this greatly journal in solidifying issue are citation-publicationsubjected to performance count (e.g.metrics h-index such research-based claims, paving the way and i10-index), impact factor and patents. for colleagues to venture the exciting However, an emphasis on quantitative world of research writing and how it may performance has ushered many tenacious, contribute to developing quality Philippine and unethical research practices in the academe. Seemingly, this trend surfaced due to the