FINAL PROJECT REPORT ON “STUDY OF SERICULTURE IN INDIA” A report Submitted to Ishan Institute of Management & Technology, Greater Noida as a partial fulfillment to full time post graduate diploma in management. UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Dr. H P Pandey Submitted to: Submitted by: Dr. D.K. Garg, Rajeev Pandey Chairman, ENR .MMR4044 IIMT, Gr. Noida 15th batch ISHAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project work done on “Study of Sericulture in India” submitted to Ishan Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida by Rajeev Pandey in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of PG Diploma in Management, is a bonafide work carried out by him/her under my supervision and guidance. This project work is the original one and has not been submitted anywhere else for any other degree/diploma. Date : Seal/Stamp of the Guide Name of the guide Dr. H P Pandey Address: 2 Acknowledgement I express my profound sense of gratitude towards my guide, Dr. H P Pandey, Dept. of Botany, ISD college, Allahabad University; for his valuable time and support. In the last but not the least I sincerely thank Dr. D K Garg, chairman, Ishan Institute of Management and Technology; who gave me this opportunity to learn a subject which otherwise was an alien to me. Rajeev Pandey 3 Declaration The final project on “Study of Sericulture in India” under the guidance of Dr. H P Pandey is the original work done by me. This is the property of the Institute & use of this report without prior permission of the Institute will be considered illegal & actionable. Date: Signature: (Rajeev Pandey) Enr. No. : MMR4044 4 CONTENTS 1. Introduction to Sericulture 7 a. Origin and history of Sericulture 12 b. silk route 16 c. World output of silk, other natural fibres and man made fibres17 2. Morphology of silk gland silk proteins and their synthesis. 26 3. Textile fibres and Silk 32 a. Introduction to textile fibres – Natural fibres vs man made fibres.34 b. Physical and chemical properties of silk 34 c. uses of silk 35 4. Silk industry in the World 40 5. Silk industry in India 42 Mulberry area, Cocoon production, silk production Number of reeling units 6. Prospects and problems of Sericulture 77 A. Prospects of Sericulture 78 a. Qualities of different types of Textile fibres 80 b. Advantages of silk fibres over other fibres 83 c. International demand for silk 85 B. Constraints in silk production 86 a. Diseases and pests of Silkworm 86 i. Diseases-Protozoon disease, Bacterial diseases, Viral diseases, Fungal diseases 88 ii. Silkworm pests 92 b. Other constraints 92 7. Organisations of Sericulture industry in India 97 a. Government of India 97 b. Central Silk Board 100 c. State Departments of Sericulture 110 8. Mulberry silkworm and its food plants-Mulberry sericulture 112 a. Silkworm races 114 b. Classification of Mulberry silkworm on the basis of its origin and voltinism 116 9. Non-mulberry silkworms and their food plants 119 a. Different species of non-mulberry silkworm 121 b. Brief account of : i. Tasar food plants 121 ii. Muga food plants 121 iii. Eri food plants 122 5 c. Types of cocoon and silk produced by them 122 10. Out line of different reeling machineries and reeling process 126 a. History of Reeling Industry -Charka, Cottage basin, Filature basin, Multi end basin, Semiautomatic and Automatic reeling machinery 126 b. Different types of cocoon stifling 128 c. Different types of cocoon cooking 130 d. Principles of reeling 132 e. Reeling process 133 11. Marketing of cocoon and silk 135 a. Marketing set-up in different States 135 b. Market operation 137 c. cocoon and silk 143 i. cocoon grading 143 ii. Silk grading 144 d. Silk Conditioning and Testing 145 12. Employment Generation under rainfed and Irrigated Mulberry 147 a. Direct i. Up to Raw silk 148 ii. Up to Fabric production 148 b. Indirect i. Marketing 153 ii. Materials and Machinery Manufacturing 154 13. Seed organization 156 a. Need for seed organization 158 b. seed cocoon production at different levels- 159 14. Twisting and weaving 163 a. Twisting machinery and processing 164 b. Handloom Weaving ( Different types ) 164 c. Power loom weaving ( Different types ) 166 d. Printing- Dyeing, Calendaring and Finishing. 167 15. Utilization of by products and Seri wastes 170 16. Role of women in Sericulture – women participation in Mulberry garden and Rearing management – silk reeling – Weaving and Finishing. 177 17. Findings and Conclusion 181 Bibliography 189 1. Introduction to Sericulture 6 The record’s of man’s use of Textiles, dates back thousands of years before the birth of Christ. Our knowledge of the early development in textiles is very meagre as they are not evident through proper records. Textiles were first developed as a means for carrying food and as mats in shelter. Only in later stages it is used as clothing. When early people realised they needed more than their own hair and skin to protect them from the weather, they looked around to see what was available. People lived in a cold climate, saw animals with skins that kept them warm. They hunted these animals for food and used the fur to cover their body. Once they started to hunt they used the skin of animals as clothes. This skin when continuously used becomes harder and made difficult for them to hunt. For this purpose he started to treat the skin to preserve its softness. Later the bones of animals were used as needle and nerves were used as thread to stitch the hides. Ancient people used Grasses, reeds, leaves and stems to cover their body. He also learned to spin the fiber, convert it into yarn and these yarns are interlaced to form a cloth. Flax and wool were the first of the fiber to be used because they were easier to twist into yarn than cotton. They also used the hair of animals as bed, in due course, this hair tangled with each other and formed as a fabric. This method is only followed while making felt cloth. After thousands of years of wandering, people learned that they could live in one place with other humans and grow what they needed. This is known as an agrarian society. People learned how to raise certain animals for the meat and the skins. They learned to grow certain plants for food. People no longer had to spend all their time hunting and farming. People learned how to spin bits of plants, reeds, horse hair, and bark into one continuous strand, or yarn. Then they discovered how to take these long pieces of yarn and weave them into fabric, just like they wove the grasses. People began to look around for other fibers they could use to make yarn. The cotton, wool, silk, and flax that they found are still the most common natural fibers today. Other fibers, such as alpaca from llamas and angora from rabbits, were discovered, but, even today, these fibers are too scarce and expensive to be widely used. For thousands of years the four natural fibers used by men are flax, wool, silk and cotton. Man made fibers were introduced only at the beginning of the 20th century. From ancient times to the middle of the 18th century, spinning and weaving were-done by hand. Progress in this area culminated in the industrial revolution, which was the start of the factory system and mars production. From Ancient times colours have been used in fabrics. Dyestuff from plants and insects were used until the synthetic dyes were discovered. PURPOSE OF CLOTHING: Clothing is used to cover the body, to make you feel more attractive, and to communicate with others. People wear clothes for many different reasons. Some of these reasons are physical. You wear clothes for comfort and protection. Others are for psychological and social reasons. Clothes give you self-confidence and express your personality. Clothes also help you identify with other people. All people have basic human needs. Meeting these needs provides satisfaction and enjoyment in life. Clothing helps to meet some of these needs. Knowing something about the role of clothing helps you to understand yourself and others better. Clothing is a complex but fascinating part of everyone’s life. Therefore clothes are worn for: 1. Protection: 7 Our skin is uncovered and exposed. We can be easily affected by the elements-rain, snow, wind, cold, and heat. We can be harmed or injured on the job or while participating in sports. In some cases, we need to protect us with our clothing. Clothing aids to your comfort. It absorbs perspiration, prevents sudden chills, and acts as a buffer between your body and accidental burns, scratches, and rough surfaces. The right garments can insulate your body against extremely hot or extremely cold temperatures. People who live in severely cold climates, such as the Eskimos, keep warm by wearing pants and parkas with fur linings. The fur traps the warm air from their bodies and creates a life-saving insulating layer of warmth. Desert nomads keep the harmful hot sun from dehydrating their bodies by covering up with long flowing robes and headdresses. Their clothing actually keeps them cooler. 2. Safety: Clothing also serves to protect your skin from harm or injury. Some sports and occupations require protective clothing for safety reasons. Football players wear helmets and protective padding to help prevent injury during rough play. Some people’s work requires them to be in dangerous or hazardous conditions. Clothing can offer protection. Some items are even labeled with the term “safety” to identify them from regular day-to- day clothes and accessories.