NEW SUSTAINABLE MODELS OF OPEN INNOVATION TO ACCELERATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN CELLULAR AGRICULTURE By MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE KEVIN KA-CHUN YUEN OF TECHNOLOGY B.S. Medical Science, Western University, 2012 JUN 2 7 2017 B.A. Honors Business Administration, Western University, 2012 LIBRARIES Submitted to the Integrated Design and Management Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ARCHIVES MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2017 2017 Kevin Yuen. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Signature of Author: Kevin Yuen Integrated Design & Management Program May 12, 2017 Signature redacted Certified by: / 'Peter Gloor Research Scientist, Center for CollectivyIntelligence, MIT Signature redacted Certified by: Isha Datar Director's Fellow (2017), MIT Media Lab; Executive Director, New Harvest Signature redacted Accepted by: Matt Kressy Executive Director, Integrated Design & Management Program, MIT This page is intentionally left blank. 2 NEW SUSTAINABLE MODELS OF OPEN INNOVATION TO ACCELERATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN CELLULAR AGRICULTURE By Kevin Ka-Chun Yuen Submitted to the Integrated Design and Management Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Engineering & Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Abstract Cellular agriculture is an emerging field to develop in-vitro agricultural products. Despite overwhelming public attention towards the field's trajectory, there are significant research hurdles to overcome in order to validate scalable applications. These challenges, referring to the translational development of cell lines, serum-free media, cell-scaffolds, and bioreactor designs with regulatory and market assessment efforts, require new models for industry collaboration. The Open-Innovation Network Map was used to prioritize key collaboration networks to address the translational challenges of cellular agriculture, and three in-depth case studies from open- source models, big-science collaborations, and pre-competitive consortia were evaluated. Nine best practices to support open innovation across translational development were surfaced: Open-Source Models I OpenCompute Foundation, a community for open-source data center hardware designs, highlights the focus on: (1) the modularization of biological parts, equipment and protocols to encourage reproducibility, (2) the scalability of proof-of-concepts through industry participation, and (3) the self-assembly of industry clusters to initiate standardization. Big-Science Collaborations I The Human Genome Project, a large-scale collaboration to complete the sequencing of the human genome, exhibits attributes of successful research- intensive organizations, such as: (4) the centralization of leadership in distributed networks, and (5) policies to increase data-sharing frequency. Pre-competitive Consortia I SEMATECH, a semi-conductor manufacturing consortium established to address bottlenecks in the product development process, reveals that: (6) a crisis is critical for industry cohesion, (7) investment in innovation hubs increases translatability across stakeholders, (8) 'honest brokers' should be created to promote trust, and (9) feedback loops with end-users are critical to test market applications for new scientific advancements. The building of cellular agriculture's communities, channels, and technologies with appropriate open innovation models can enable stakeholders to collaborate and maintain a competitive edge. The conclusions of the thesis represent a convergence point among industry, academia and policy to discuss how to best shape and execute open innovation efforts in the future. Thesis Advisor: Peter Gloor Title: Research Scientist, Center for Collective Intelligence, MIT Thesis Advisor: Isha Datar Title: Director's Fellow (2017), MIT Media Lab; Executive Director, New Harvest 3 4 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to both of my thesis advisors: Dr. Peter Gloor, for his guidance in open innovation and his expertise in collective intelligence. I appreciate his time and patience as Dr. Gloor was available to provide advice in-person and on skype, to help me brainstorm ideas, and to provide feedback on potential trajectories for the thesis. This process has been a humbling experience for me, and will always remember his wise words: "the more you know, the more you know what you don't know (yet)?" Isha Datar, for her expertise and insights into the cellular agriculture space. It's exciting to learn about the opportunities and challenges of the industry - either over the phone, on Skype or over tacos with New Harvest's Communications Director, Erin. I also feel lucky to have had the support from the rest of the New Harvest (NH) community, and I appreciate the time the NH fellows took to contribute their views about 'openness' over the Slack channel. I wish to thank my IDM Executive Director, Matt Kressy for giving me the opportunity to be part of the program. It was a unique experience to learn from the most exceptional and the most humble teachers and students in a world-class environment. And, of course, to my incredible inaugural cohort of Integrated Design Management classmates for embarking on this amazing 2-yearjourney with me. Finally, I wish to thank my family and friends for their love and support. 5 6 Table of Contents A b s tra c t .................................................................................................................................... 3 Ac k n o w le d g e m e n ts ................................................................................................................. 3 Research Objectives & Methodologies ............................................................................... 9 Part 1 1 Primary Challenges Of Cellular Agriculture .......................................................... 11 i. Cellular Agriculture in Brief.............................................................................................. 11 ii. Past & Current Collaborations in Cellular Agriculture ...................................................... 16 iii. Overview of Industry Challenges in Cellular Agriculture ............................................... 20 vi. Imperative for a Collaborative Approach in Translational Research .............................. 33 Part 2 | Spectrum Of Open Innovation Models................................................................. 34 i. Overview of Open Innovation...........................................................................................34 ii. Open Innovation Network Map....................................................................................... 36 iii. Descriptions of Open Innovation Networks................................................................... 41 Part 3 1 Models And Best Practices For Open Innovation For Cellular Agriculture........45 i. O p e n -S o u rce M o d e ls .......................................................................................................... 4 8 Overview: Open Compute Project (OCP)................................................................................. 48 Best Practice 1 I Modularity Encourages Reproducibility ..................................................... 52 Best Practice 2 I Industry Participation Ensures Scalability .................................................. 58 Best Practice 3 | Clusters Initiate Standardization ................................................................. 62 ii. Big Science Collaborations ............................................................................................. 66 Overview: Human Genome Project (HGP) ............................................................................. 66 Best Practice 4 I Centralized Leadership Fosters Coordination ........................................... 68 Best Practice 5 I Data-Sharing Frequency Increases Transparency.................................. 72 iii. Pre-Competitive Consortia ............................................................................................. 74 Overview: Semiconductor Manufacturer Technology (SEMATECH).................................. 74 7 Best Practice 6 I Crisis Creates Cohesion ............................................................................. 76 Best Practice 7 I Innovation Hubs Nurture Translatability ..................................................... 78 Best Practice 8 I 'Honest Brokers' Promote Trust.................................................................. 82 Best Practice 9 I User Engagement Validates Applicability................................................... 85 Discussion: Putting Best Practices Together ................................................................... 89 C o n c lu s io n .............................................................................................................................. 9 2 A p p e n d ix ................................................................................................................................. 9 3 Appendix A. List of Research Interviews & Discussions.................................................... 93 Appendix B. List of Open Innovation Networks ..................................................................