Vertebral column Cervical (C): Lordosis Thoracic (T): Kyphosis (rib) Lumbar (L): Lordosis Sacral (S) (pelvic bone) Coccyx (Cx) Intervertebral joints Posterior view Vertebrae- 1 Vertebra (Spine) Vertebral Body; Vertebral foramen (canal) Vertebral Arch: Pedicle, Lamina, Process Vertebral notch: superior, inferior (intervertebral foramen) Posterior Vertebral foramen (canal) Upper view Anterior Vertebrae- 2 Vertebra (Spine) Vertebral Body; Vertebral foramen (canal) Vertebral Arch: Pedicle, Lamina, Process Vertebral notch: superior, inferior (intervertebral foramen) Posterior Upper view Anterior Vertebrae- 3 Vertebral foramen (canal) and spinal cord Anterior Vertebrae- 4 Intervertebral foramen and spinal nerves Anterior Vertebrae- 5 Anterior Vertebrae- 6 Anterior Vertebrae- 7 Vertebral foramen (canal) Anterior Vertebrae- 8 Anterior Intervertebral foramen Vertebrae- 9 Vertebral process Spinous process, Transverse process Articular process (facet): superior, inferior Vertebrae- 10 Intervertebral joints Hyaline cartilage Intervertebral disc: Annulus fibrosus + Nucleus pulposus Vertebrae- 11 Cervical vertebrae Typical vertebrae (C3-C6) C1: atlas, C2: axis Vertebrae- 12 Cervical vertebrae: Typical (C3-C6) Anterior small body; large, triangular canal; arch Transverse process: end as post. & ant. tubercle; foramen transversarium Articular process: sup. & inf.; sup. facet Short, bifid spinous process; attachment of ligamentum nuchae Vertebrae- 13 Ligamentum nuchae Vertebrae- 14 Vertebral artery in transverse foramens Through transverse foramens of C1-6; but no C7 (only for accessory vertebral v.) Vascular insufficiency during forceful rotation of vertebral column Vertebrae- 15 Variations: transverse foramen and vertebral artery mainly through C1-6; some through C7 J Craniovertebr Junction Spine 2015; 6: 30–35 Vertebrae- 16 C1: atlas Sup. articular facet; with occipital condyle No body; No spinous proc.; Lateral mass: ant., & post. arch Long transverse proc. Vertebrae- 17 C2: axis Dens (odontoid proc) Sup. articular facet; Inf. articular facet Body, pedicle; Spinous proc.; Transverse proc. Anterior Body Lamina Vertebrae- 18 Assembling of C1 and C2 Anterior Lateral mass Vertebrae- 19 C7 vertebra Large, long spinous process Caudal end of lig. nuchae as a landmark No vertebral a. through transverse foramen Anterior Anterior Vertebrae- 20 Thoracic vertebrae: “typical” [T2~T10(9-11)] 1/2 Body: larger than C- vertebrae; round canal Upper and lower surfaces: parallel to each other Spinous proc.: directly posteriorly Vertical articular facets: sup. facet faces posteriorly Vertebrae- 21 Thoracic vertebrae: “typical” [T2~T10(9-11)] 2/2 Articular facets for ribs With rib head: sup. & inf. costal demifacet at upper & lower border of body With tubercle of rib: costal facet on trans. proc. Vertebrae- 22 Vertebra and rib Anterior Vertebrae- 23 Vertebra T1 Upper surface of body: saddle-shaped Intermediate between C and T Triangular canal Rib1 contact T1 body only Vertebrae- 24 Vertebra T11-T12 Single rib articular facet; no rib articular facet on trans. proc. T12: intermediate between T and L Sup. articular facet: resembles T-vertebrae Inf. articular facet: resembles L-vertebre Vertebrae- 25 Lumbar vertebre: typical L1-L4 Massive body; Small, triangular canal Short, square spinous proc.; sup. facet: faces medially Anterior Vertebrae- 26 Lumbar vertebra: L5 body: deeper anteriorly than posteriorly; lordosis Short massive transverse proc.; attached by ilio-lumbar lig Vertebrae- 27 Sacrum and Coccyx: Sacrum Sacrum (5) Transfer body weight from vertebrae to pelvis Vertebrae- 28 Sacrum: ant. surface Ala of sacrum Promontory Sacro-iliac joint: articular surface 4 ant. sacral foramina: S1-4 ant. primary rami Vertebrae- 29 Sacrum: post. surface Sacral hiatus Median sacral crest Intermediate sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Post. sacral foramina Vertebrae- 30 Coccyx Formed by 3-5 fused vertebrae Vertebrae- 31 Comparison of vertebrae Vertebrae- 32 Joints between adjacent vertebrae Intervertebral disc: body Zygapophyseal joint: facet Vertebrae- 33 Intervertebral disc between bodies, cartilaginous joint Annulus fibrous (fibrocartilage) + nucleus pulposus Vertebrae- 34 Herniation of intervertebral disc (HIVD) Vertebrae- 35 Lig. between adjacent vertebrae body Ant. Longitudinal lig. Post. Longitudinal lig. lamina Ligmentum flavum Spinous proc Interspinous lig. Supraspinous lig.: ligamentum nuchae of cervical region Vertebrae- 36 Ligmentum flavum Between laminae, elastic fibers posterior wall of vertebral canal; vs. post. long. lig. Vertebrae- 37 Interspinous lig. Between adjacent spinous processes; membranous Vertebrae- 38 Supraspinous lig. cord-like; C7-S nuchal ligament Vertebrae- 39 Ligamentum nuchae: surface anatomy Vertebrae- 40 Interspinous ligament Vertebrae- 41 Joints and ligaments: right lateral view Vertebrae- 42 Joints between Axis, Atlas, and Skull No intervertebral disc; wider range of movements than other vertebrae; dens as the center of rotation (“axis”) Large facet joint anteriorly: to bear weight Vertebrae- 43 Atlanto-occipital joints Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane ~ ant. long. lig. Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ~ lig. flavum Vertebrae- 44 Functions of craniovertebral joints Nodding: atlanto-occipital joint Shaking head: atlanto-axial joint Vertebrae- 45 Ant. atlanto-occipital lig. continuation of ant. longitudinal lig. Vertebrae- 46 Post. atlanto-occipital lig.: ligmentum flavum Vertebrae- 47 Atlantoaxial joints: cruciate (cruciform) ligaments = transverse lig. + sup. & inf. fibers to connect dens to foramen magnum Vertebrae- 48 Tectorial membrane (ligament): posterior view extension of post. longitudinal lig. Vertebrae- 49 Tectorial membrane (ligament): sagittal view Vertebrae- 50 Review on Vertebrae Common features of vertebrae Characters of C, T, L, S vertebrae Typical vs. Atypical vertebrae for different levels Joints Body, Lamina, Spinous proc. Equivalent structures: between vertebrae, vertebrocranial junctions Vertebrae- 51 Vertebrae- 52 .