Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01799-3 — Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda Timothy Longman Index More Information 365 Index Abega clan, 61 Astrida. See Butare, city of administrative reorganization, 160 – 63 AVEGA, 170 popular opinions of, 214 – 16 purpose of, 161 Bagilishema, Ignace, 208 , 209 , 281 , 285 Aegis Trust, 12 Banyamulenge, 145 Kigali Memorial Centre, 5 , 80 – 81 Bashingantahe , 111 Murambi genocide memorial, 6 , 7 , 8 Belgium African National Congress, 320 colonial rule, 49 – 50 , 82 agricultural policy, 175 – 77 genocide trials, 95 Amnesty International, 29 , 98 post- colonial inl uence, 84 amplii ed silence, 87 Benebekire, 200 Angola Bisesero involvement in Congo war, 146 community, 325 Ansoms, An, 174 , 177 , 180 , 184 genocide massacre, 76 , 77 , 208 , 300 anthem, national genocide memorial, 5 , 77 , 88 , 94 popular reactions to, 218 Bizimungu, Pasteur, 141 , 147 , 154 replacement of, 160 foundation of opposition party, Arbour, Louise, 107 164 , 168 Arendt, Hannah, 98 Bizumuremyi, Bonaventure, 133 Argentina, 14 , 316 Bosnia- Herzegovina, 14 Armenian genocide, 99 Brasilia, 157 Army of the King, 149 Brazil, 14 , 316 arrest Brothers of Charity, 197 under false accusations, 21 , 119 , 123 , Buckley- Zistel, Susanne, 251 131 , 193 , 205 , 210 Bugesera, 67 , 202 of genocidaires , 93 , 149 , 204 , 262 , Bujumbura, 198 284 , 296 Bumba, 207 as intimidation, 29 , 31 , 120 , 142 , Burnet, Jennie, 87 , 231 149 , 156 , 169 , 192 , 203 , 229 , 252 , Burundi, 197 , 198 , 202 , 265 253 , 267 Bashingantahe system in, 111 of journalists, 31 , 171 involvement in Congo war, 144 of political opponents, 149 , 164 , 165 as place of refuge, 117 , 119 , politically motivated, 13 , 123 , 141 , 169 , 190 , 201 172 , 196 , 213 , 214 , 223 , 229 , 235 , Tutsi refugees in, 44 , 46 , 136 , 138 , 149 , 301 , 327 203 , 240 , 330 Arthur, Paige, 316 , 334 Butare Arusha Peace Accords, 75 , 141 , 150 , 158 , city of, 18 , 19 , 118 , 190 – 94 , 196 – 206 203 , 212 province of, 117 , 197 , 202 Ashworth, G.A., 72 Butare prison, 204 Association Modeste et Innocent, 169 Buye, 198 Association of Genocide Widows Agahozo. Buyoga commune, 18 , 210 – 14 See AVEGA Byanafashe, Déogratias, 46 365 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01799-3 — Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda Timothy Longman Index More Information 366 366 Index Byuma, François- Xavier, 132 constitution of 2003, 16 Byumba popular opinions of, 218 , 219 city, 211 reform process, 163 province, 18 , 21 , 255 term limits in, 167 Convention on the Prevention and Cahiers Lumière et Société , 53 Punishment of the Crime of Call, Charles T., 102 Genocide. See Genocide Convention Cambodia, 97 , 316 Côte d’Ivoire, 97 Canada Cruvellier, Thierry, 109 genocide trials, 95 Cyanika genocide massacre, 2 , 3 Cassese, Antonio, 99 Cyarwa, 199 Catholic Church, 62 – 63 in Butare, 199 Darfur, 97 in Buyoga, 211 Day of Heroes, 80 and ethnicity, 45 , 49 decentralization, 160 – 63 implication in 1994 genocide, 55 popular opinions of, 214 – 16 in Kibuye, 208 Del Ponte, Carla, 107 reconciliation programs, 169 democracy movement, 9 ceceka , 292n. 53 Democratic Green Party of Rwanda, 165 Central African Republic, 97 Democratic Republican Movement, 54 , Chakravarty, Anuradha, 156 141 , 154 , 218 Chile, 14 , 316 in Butare, 200 Chrétien, Jean- Pierre, 42 parliamentary committee on, 59 , 164 Churchill, Winston, 35 suppression of, 164 civil society democratization, 163 – 65 before 1994, 10 , 62 in Mabanza commune, 208 dangers of participation in, 141 popular opinions of, 216 – 18 , 220 – 21 , 224 domination by returnees, 130 purpose of, 163 involvement in research project, 35 Denmark, 316 suppression of, 31 , 88 , 132 , 143 , Des Forges, Alison, 39 147 , 168 – 72 Deutsch, Karl, 36 Civil Society Platform, 170 Dialogue , 132 clans, 38 , 47 Diop, Boubacar Boris, 5 Clark, Phil, 280 , 317 divisionism, 56 , 57 , 58 , 217 Coalition for the Defense of the accusations against MDR, 164 Republic, 41 impact of law, 225 colonialism law against, 168 , 170 , 223 , 226 , 230 , as source of social division, 49 – 50 , 235 , 255 , 319 , 322 265 Dobson, William, 166 community service, 179 double genocide theory, 58 , 127 as alternative to prison, 116 , 124 , 298 East Timor, 14 competitive authoritarianism, 166 economy of Rwanda Congo, Democratic Republic of, 14 , 47 prior to 1994, 9 attacks by RPF in, 109 , 121 , 143 , 204 since 1994, 12 , 184 – 85 , 204 attacks on refugees, 32 education corruption in, 131 bias in, 6 , 49 , 240 , 241 – 42 i rst war, 108 , 125 , 144 reform of, 17 , 146 Hutu refugees in, 11 , 12 , 140 , as tool of transitional justice, 15 150 , 201 Egypt, 166 and International Criminal Court, 97 Eichman, Adolf, 98 invasion by RPF, 58 El Salvador, 14 second war, 108 , 146 , 153 elections Tutsi refugees in, 44 critiques of, 163 – 66 Congo- Nile Crest, 207 for gacaca judges, 205 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01799-3 — Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda Timothy Longman Index More Information 367 Index 367 1999 local, 163 historic precedent, 111 2001 local, 163 , 205 , 214 impact of, 305 2003 constitutional referendum, 163 operation of, 113 2003 parliamentary, 163 , 164 politicization of, 301 2003 presidential, 163 , 164 , 227 – 29 popular opinions of, 289 – 302 2008 parliamentary, 165 problem of participation in, 292 2010 presidential, 165 structure of, 112 2017 presidential, 167 Gahima, Gerald, 106 , 115 , 129 , 305 , 331 Enola Gay controversy, 72 Gatwaro Stadium, 208 Episcopal Church, 147 Gatzinsi, Marcel, 200 in Butare, 199 Geneva Conventions, 96 ethnicity genocidaires , 306 centrality to gacaca courts, 127 , 304 , actions in the genocide, 108 324 arbitrary execution of, 262 colonial policy, 38 – 40 , 49 – 50 arrest of, 93 , 121 , 149 , 204 de- ethnicization, 159 community service by, 179 origins of conl ict, 237 , 238 confessions by, 133 , 281 origins of Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa, 37 , 47 denunciation of, 122 , 304 popular perceptions of, 236 – 38 equation of Hutu with, 130 quota system, 40 in gacaca, 296 , 297 restrictions on discussing, 146 in ICTR, 283 role in 1994 genocide, 41 – 44 impact of ICTR on, 108 in trials, 128 – 31 imprisonment of, 121 , 282 , 302 involvement in reconciliation by, 115 , FARG. See National Fund for Genocide 124 , 294 , 297 , 303 Survivors need for accountability for, 120 Farmer, Paul, 28 outside Rwanda, 106 , 143 Finland reasons for participation in genocide, 42 genocide trials, 95 trials of, 16 , 123 , 290 , 305 First Republic, 50 – 52 , 85 , 208 genocide l ag causes of, 50 – 55 , 242 popular reactions to, 218–19 centrality to Rwandan history, 52 – 56 replacement of, 160 failure of United Nations to stop, 105 Forces Armées Rwandaise . See Rwandan history of 1994 Rwandan Armed Forces genocide, 10 – 11 Forces démocratiques unii ées Inkingi. See need for trials, 103 United Democratic Forces- Inkingi popular interpretations of, 245 – 53 forgetting, sites of, 84 – 87 responsibility of international Forum of Political Parties, 152 , 154 , 170 community, 5 , 54 , 56 , 77 , 105 , 284 France. See also Zone Turquoise role of ethnicity, 41 – 44 charges against RPF ofi cials, 333 words for in Kinyarwanda, 245 collective memory in, 71 , 234 Genocide Convention, 97 Loiret- Butare development project, 198 genocide ideology relations with Rwanda, 198 accusations against MDR, 164 role in 1994 genocide, 54 belief in persistence of, 157 transitional justice in, 316 charges against Victoire Frazier, Jendayi, 71 Ingabire, 165 Free Methodist Church, 147 impact of law, 220 , 225 , 230 , 263 , 264 , Fujii, Lee Ann, 42 267 , 306 , 308 law against, 169 , 235 , 319 gacaca courts, 95 , 123 – 26 , 271 – 79 parliamentary committee on, 170 corruption in, 300 – 01 Gikongoro province, 6 , 11 , 67 , 205 creation of, 111 – 13 genocide in, 1 – 3 , 200 exclusion of RPF crimes, 124 , 125 Gisenyi province, 150 , 208 goals of, 113 – 17 Gisovu prison, 91 – 95 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01799-3 — Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda Timothy Longman Index More Information 368 368 Index Gisunzu commune, 209 interpretations of the genocide by, 249 Gitarama province, 122 intimidation of, 132 , 142 , 149 Gitesi commune, 207 language for 1994 violence, 245 Gitikinini, 207 opinions of gacaca, 296 , 308 Gitwa, 208 opinions on commemorations, 261 Goldstone, Richard, 107 opinions on ethnic relations, 250 – 51 Golias, 63 opinions of pre- genocide Gourevitch, Phillip, 28 governments, 126 Groupe Scolaire, 197 , 199 , 201 participation in the genocide, 53 , Guatemala, 101 55 , 129 guilt, collective, 130 , 304 , 324 perspectives on revolution of Gurr, Ted, 185 , 331 1959, 239 – 40 post- genocide experienes of, 193 – 94 Habyalimana, Jean- Baptiste, 199 in post- genocide government, 141 Habyarabatuma, Cyriaque, 200 in pre- genocide governments, 51 , 54 Habyarimana, Juvénal, 40 , 43 , 54 , refugees. See refugees: Hutu 84 , 208 RPF attacks on, 30 , 8 , 11 , assassination of, 10 , 190, 192 , 247 , 145 , 148 248 , 251 sites of forgetting and, 86 government of, 10 , 21 , 41 , 51 , 53 , 56 , social divisions among, 94 , 131 92 , 126 , 138 , 265 as target of false accusations, 119 , 123 opposition to, 62 Hutu militia policies of, 82 , 173 , 199 , 241 in the DRC, 145 , 146 Halbwachs, Maurice, 35 in the insurgency in the Hamitic hypothesis, 39 northwest, 145 handicapped involvement in 1994 genocide, 1 – 3 , representation in parliament, 168 5 , 10 , 76 , 92 , 129, 200 , 201 , 208 , high modernism, 156 246 , 272 history after 1994, 143 , 213 curriculum revision project, 19 , 34 , participation in ingando camps, 158 60 – 64 , 318 training by France, 54 moratorium on teaching, 46 Hutu Power, 43 , 54 , 140 , 142n. 20 , 192 ofi cial narrative, 44– 60 , 266 popular narratives, 236 – 57 Ibis Hotel and Restaurant, 198 , 204 role in 1994 genocide, 37 Ibuka, 55 , 171 , 261 , 293 Hobsbawm, Eric, 36 identity cards, 40 , 57 , 146 , 149 , 222 , Hodgkin, Katharine, 36 237 , 238 Huggins, Christopher, 175–76 ideology.