IUCN WATER AND NATURE INITIATIVE PANGANI BASIN WATER BOARD 1 PANGANI RIVER BASIN FLOW ASSESSMENT Fish and invertebrate life histories and important fisheries of the Pangani River Basin O. Hamerlynck, M.D. Richmond, A. Mohammed and S.R. Mwaitega January 2008 1 As of 2010, Pangani Basin Water Office is known as Pangani Basin Water Board Published by: Pangani Basin Water Board (PBWB) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Copyright: © 2010 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Pangani Basin Water Board This publication may be produced in whole or part and in any form for education or non-profit uses, without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. IUCN would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication which uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose without the prior written permission of IUCN. Citation: PWBO/IUCN. 2008. Fish and invertebrate life histories and important fisheries of the Pangani River Basin. Pangani River Basin Flow Assessment. Pangani Basin Water Board, Moshi and IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Programme. 63 pp. Available from: IUCN - ESARO Publications Service Unit , P. O. Box 68200 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Telephone ++ 254 20 890605-12; Fax ++ 254 20 890615; E-mail: [email protected] The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed by the authors in this publication do not necessarily represent the view of PBWB, EU, UNDP GEF, WANI or IUCN. Pangani River Basin Flow Assessment - Specialist Study Fish and invertebrate life histories and important fisheries of the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania FINAL REPORT Hamerlynck, O., Richmond, M.D., Mohammed, A. & Mwaitega, S.R. January 2008 for Pangani Basin Water Office, Moshi and IUCN, Dar es Salaam Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................5 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Background to Pangani River Basin Management Programme.............................................................. 6 1.2 Objectives of the study ............................................................................................................................ 7 2 METHODS................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Desk study............................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Field visit.................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Water conductivity, chlorophyll and plankton measurements................................................. 9 2.2.2 Fish species diversity and specimen collection .................................................................... 10 2.3 Sources of additional fisheries data ...................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Hydrological data................................................................................................................................... 11 3 MAIN AQUATIC BIOTOPES OF THE PANGANI BASIN...................................................... 12 3.1 Water conductivity within the Pangani River Basin ...............................................................................12 3.2 Rapids, waterfalls and mountain streams ............................................................................................. 12 3.3 Main Rivers............................................................................................................................................ 14 3.3.1 Pangani River........................................................................................................................ 14 3.3.2 Mkomazi River....................................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Floodplains and marginal waters........................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Lakes and reservoirs ............................................................................................................................. 17 3.5.1 Lake Chala ............................................................................................................................ 17 3.5.2 Lake Jipe ............................................................................................................................... 18 3.5.3 Lake Karamba ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.5.4 Lake Manga........................................................................................................................... 19 3.5.5 Kalimawe Reservoir ..............................................................................................................19 3.5.6 Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir................................................................................................ 20 3.6 Pangani Estuary .................................................................................................................................... 21 3.6.1 Intertidal zone........................................................................................................................ 21 3.6.2 Shallow subtidal zone............................................................................................................ 21 4 IMPORTANT FISHES OF THE PANGANI RIVER BASIN..................................................... 23 4.1 Overview of fish diversity....................................................................................................................... 23 4.2 Important fish species, their biology, life histories and links to river flow .............................................. 24 4.2.1 Family Cichlidae.................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.2 Family Cyprinidae.................................................................................................................. 27 4.2.3 Family Characidae ................................................................................................................ 28 4.2.4 Family Clariidae..................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.5 Family Mochokidae ...............................................................................................................29 4.2.6 Family Mormyridae................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.7 Fish distribution ..................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.8 Fish breeding guilds .............................................................................................................. 30 5 IMPORTANT CRUSTACEA OF THE PANGANI RIVER BASIN........................................... 32 5.1 Overview of crustacean diversity........................................................................................................... 32 5.2 Important Crustaceans, their biology, life histories and links to river flow............................................. 32 5.2.1 Family Potamonautidae ........................................................................................................ 33 5.2.2 Family Portunidae ................................................................................................................. 33 5.2.3 Family Penaeidae.................................................................................................................. 34 5.2.4 Family Palaemonidae............................................................................................................ 34 SAMAKI Consultants Ltd - Pangani River Basin Specialist Study: 2 Fish and invertebrate life histories and important fisheries – Final Report 6 FISHERIES OF THE PANGANI RIVER BASIN..................................................................... 35 6.1 Overview of the fisheries management of the Pangani River Basin ..................................................... 35 6.2 Floodplains and marginal waters........................................................................................................... 35 6.3 Lake Chala............................................................................................................................................. 36 6.4 Lake Jipe ............................................................................................................................................... 37 6.5 Kalimawe Reservoir..............................................................................................................................