THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2020) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) 2020 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive Nasal p b t d ʈ ɖ c k ɡ q ɢ ʔ Trill m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Tap or Flap ʙ r ʀ Fricative ⱱ ɾ ɽ Lateral fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant ɬ ɮ Lateral approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to lthe left are voiceless. Shadedɭ areas denoteʎ articulationsʟ judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close Bilabial Bilabial Examples: i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ʘ Dental ɓ Dental/alveolar ʼ Bilabial Close-mid ɪ ʏ ʊ ǀ (Post)alveolar ɗ Palatal pʼ Dental/alveolar ǃ Palatoalveolar ʄ Velar tʼ Velar e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Open-mid ǂ Alveolar lateral ɠ Uvular kʼ Alveolar fricative ə ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ OTHERǁ SYMBOLS ʛ sʼ Open æ ɐ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the righta representsɶ a rounded vowel.ɑ ɒ ʍ Voiced labial-velar approximant ɕ ʑ Voiced alveolar lateral flap w Voiced labial-palatal approximant ɺ Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress ɥ Affricatesɧ and double articulations ʃ x ʜ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols Secondary stress foʊnə tɪʃən joined by a tie bar if necessary. ˈ ˌ ˈ ʢ Epiglottal plosive ts͜ kp͡ ˌ Long ː Half-long eː DIACRITICSʡ ˑ Extra-short eˑ Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental ̆ Minor (foot) group ĕ Voiced Creaky voiced Apical ˳ ˳n˳ d ̤ b̤ a̤ ̪ ̪ dt ̪ | Major (intonation) group ̬ Aspirated s̬ t̬ Linguolabial b a ̺ Laminal ̺ dt ̺ ‖ Syllable break More rounded ̰ Labialized ̰ ̰ Nasalized ɹi.ækt ʰ tʰ d ʰ ̼ t̼d ̼ ̻ t̻ d̻ . Linking (absence of a break) Less rounded Palatalized ̰ Nasal release ̰ ̹ ɔ̹ ʷ tʷ dʷ e ‿ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS ̜ Advanced ɔ̜ ʲ Velarized tʲ dʲ ⁿ Lateral release dⁿ LEVEL CONTOUR Extra ̟ Retracted u̟ ˠ Pharyngealized tˠ dˠ ˡ No audible release dˡ or high or Rising High Falling Centralized ˁ Velarized or pharyngealizedˁ ˁ ˺ ̠ e̠ t d d˺ e̋ ˥ ě High Mid rising Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) ̈ ë ɫ é ˦ ê Low ̴ Low rising ̽ Syllabic e̽ ̝ Lowered e̝ ( ɹ ̝ = voiced bilabial approximant) ē ˧ Extra ᷄e Rising- è ˨ low ᷅e falling Non-syllabic ̞ Advanced Tongue Root̞ ̞ Downstep Global rise ̩ n̩ e β ȅ ˩ ᷈e Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root Upstep Global fall ̯ e̯ ̘ e̘ ꜜ ↗ ˞ Some diacriticsɚ a˞ may ̙be placed above a symbol withe̙ a descender, e.g. ꜛ ↘ Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); ˚ŋunitipaN (symbols).