Frisian & Low Franconian Ingvæonism, Continental West Germanic & You The Frisians First mentioned by the Romans (Frisii) North Sea Germanic by designation First famous for their "terpen" Frisian Contact When the Angles & Saxons went to England, they couldn't have helped going through Frisian territory Some went along This emptying of space allowed for Frisian expansion Old Frisian Much like the Saxons, the Frisians were eventually taken over by the Franks Frisian territory ultimately wound up split between Holland, Germany and Denmark Old Low Franconian Old Low Franconian is one of several Franconian languages, including many of the High German dialects It is distinguished by two features: Absence of the High German 2nd Consonant Shift Ingvæonisms Ingvæonic? Features of Ingvæonic Nasal loss with compensatory lengthening (Nasalschwund mit Ersatzdehnung) German Frisian fünf fiif "five" sanft sacht "soft" uns us "us" Features of Ingvæonic Germ. Schaf, Dutch schaap N. Hollands scheep, Frisian schiep = i.e. *ā> Ingvæonic ē Loss of [l]: *ald > alt, old but Dutch oud, goud, soud You also see this feature in things like Gans / gōs More Ingvæonic Morphological Features of Ingvæonic 1.) -s plural 2.) 3rd pers. hi (developing from PIE *-is, whereas German uses *iz, which then rhotacises to er ) 3.) very early loss of acc./dat. distinction in first/second person pronouns -- mi/di 4.) is instead of ist 5.) -schaft not represented by -schap but rather by -schip/- ship Old Dutch hebban olla vogala nestas bagunnan hinase hic ende thu wat unbiddan uue nu “all birds have begun their nests except for I and you what do we expect now”.