Мелиорация почв Почвоведение и агрохимия, №1, 2018 МЕЛИОРАЦИЯ ПОЧВ UOT 631.6 M.G. Mustafayev1, N.Z. Mustafayeva1 MODERN STATE OF THE SIYAZAN-SUMGAYIT MASSIVE SOILS 1Institute of soil science and agrochemistry of National Academy of Scienses of Azerbaijan, Az 1073, Baku, M. Rahim 5, Azerbaijan, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The information about a state of the Siyazan-Sumgayit massive soils in Azerbai- jan was given in the article. It is noted that a massive climate is subtropic and a level of the sub- soil waters is lower than the river waters level. The salts quantity in the massive soils have been studied and it was defined that a salt composition exposed to the strong changes depending on the seasons. Key words: massive, subsoil waters, salt composition, soil cover. INTRODUCTION average. The increase in dry foliage varies Siyazan-Sumgayit massive is one of depending on year and hipsometric height. the foothill parts, joined the Caspean Sea Consumption is no more than and zoning at the heel of the Great Cauca- 0,1-1,0 l/sec, depending on the atmospher- sus eastern end. It is situated in the coast- ic sediments. Generally, the land is poor in line plain of Azerbaijan north-east. This terms of the spread of groundwater. A massive has a plane weak inclination granulometric structure of the soils is which stretches from north-west to south- heavy, weak for the water conductivity east. Many large and small measured la- ability, weakly provided with the nutrient, goon remains are observed in the Siyazan- salinized and solenetzificated to a different Sumgayit massive. The ancient large la- degree [3]. goons are dry in most cases, at present OBJECTS AND METHODS they occupy a salty area. These depres- The researches have been performed sions remain under water while filling in the experimental area selected in the with the surface waters at a rainy period. characteristic places of the Shurabad vil- These lagoons spread in the Shurabad vil- lage in Khizi which is situated in the lage, between Sitalchay and Yashma sta- Siyazan-Sumgayit massive. The soil sam- tions and also in Sumgayit and they are ples have been taken from the same area rich in salty deposits [1, 2]. (0-100 cm) and the chemical analyses have The hydrogeological point of view is been performed according to the method that most of the research area is located on that is used in the republic [4]. the eastern and southeastern slopes of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Greater Caucasus Meganctiklinorium, Investigation of saline soils and their where the rocks and seasons are regarded reclamation status in recent years is one of as a spatial distribution of underground the main challenges facing professionals. waters. In the area of groundwater, very To determine the degree of degradation of small amounts are encountered. The sedi- soils in the territory of the Republic, to ments in the Siyazan district are reduced study changes in the preparation and use to a small amount and average annual vol- of their melioration methods, a number of ume does not exceed 400 mm. According scientists conducted research. Agrarian to the chemical composition, ground wa- reforms in Azerbaijan have created condi- ters are sulfate-chlorine-natrium, chlorine- tions for the abundance of food and im- natrium and chlorine-sulphate-natrium prove the material wellbeing of the popu- type. Due to the mineralization degree, lation. groundwater drainage varies from 2,120 g/l In the conditions of Azerbaijan al- to 95,160 g/l and is about 21,159 g/l on most saline soils have spread in all plains 47 Мелиорация почв Почвоведение и агрохимия, №1, 2018 and foothills. The salinization has devel- Most moisture deficiencies are ob- oped in various natural conditions of mi- served in the year. In summer, sometimes gration of salts, mainly in alluvial- even 1 mm of sediment is not observed. In accumulative plains, deluvial-foothill the deluvial slopes, the soils with rainwa- plains in river delta. ter rarely reach 60-80 cm. Periodic mois- Under the leadership of H. Aliyev, the ture of the soils in the mountainous plains agrarian reforms in the Republic of Azer- and their drying allows the salts to inten- baijan in 1993-2003 were of great im- sively exit the surface horizons through portance for the development of agricul- capillary streams. On the ground where the ture and production of products, the for- salts are collected on the land crossings, it mation of new land relations. In those is always possible to observe the migration years, the irrigated lands of 400,000 hec- horizons of salts. tares of irrigated lands were improved, The Siyazan-Sumgayit massif is dom- capital repairs in 460 hectares, and major inated by strong winds from the north. In overhauling of 150,000 hectares. Since the winter, the winds are north and north- 1970, new achievements have been west, south and south-east in the summer, achieved in the country's agricultural pro- and north, west and north-west in the duction. Increasing the amount of irrigated spring. land in 1983 was 265.1 thousand ha. At the Wind speeds reach 20-40 m/sec in same time, in many regions of the country, open airways and rarely 40 m/sec. The du- as a result of floods and floods in 1997, the ration of Nord's stay is 2-3 days, some- national economy, land reclamation and times up to a week. In the cold season of water economy facilities were seriously the year, the snow is cold, sometimes snow damaged [5]. and bush, and in the summer, when the In the following years, the provisions necessary measures are taken, the dusty of the State Program on Reliable Provision storm is observed, causing dry soil and the of Food in the Republic of Azerbaijan for destruction of plants [7]. 2008-2015 by the President of the Repub- Most moisture deficiencies are ob- lic of Azerbaijan Mr. Ilham Aliyev, i.e., the served in the year. In summer, sometimes effective use of land resources, their pro- even 1 mm of sediment is not observed. In tection, improvement and fertility complex the deluvial slopes, the soils with rainwa- agromeliorative researches are required to ter rarely reach 60-80 cm. Periodic mois- achieve high productivity from agricultural ture of the soils in the mountainous plains plants. and their drying allows the salts to inten- An area of the Siyazan-Sumgayit sively exit the surface horizons through massive is nearly 60000 hectares. The capillary streams. On the ground where the massive zone expose to the significant salts are collected on the land crossings, it change in connection with the Caspean Sea is always possible to observe the migration level vibration. Thanks to I.F. Figurovsky horizons of salts. [5] and A.M. Shikhilinisky’s [6] for infor- In the massive studies, winds in the mation about climate of the Siyazan- northern direction, with high velocities, Sumgayit massive belongs to the subtropic dry and dust, are commonly referred to as type. Its climate is very dry, hot in summer, "nord" (Xazri) in all seasons of the year. but mild in winter. According to the long- According to perennial data, their average term information an average annual quan- annual rate was 100 times (wind speed 6 tity of the atmospheric precipitations is and more). The average speed was 160-363 mm. The weather’s relative hu- 6-7 m/sec. midity is 73-76 % in the zone (60 % in the The researches show that subsoil summer, 84 % in the winter). and river waters possess double character. 48 Мелиорация почв Почвоведение и агрохимия, №1, 2018 The subsoil water level lies down lower N.A. Kachinsky and his associates than the river waters level in a large part performed researches in the strait plain of of the inclined plain and a hydraulic rela- the Siyazan-Sumgayit maasive. It was de- tion between them is fulfilled by the river termined that the soils granulometric con- waters infiltration. The river waters filtra- tent changes from the light loamy to heavy tion to the subsoil waters happens in the clayey structure from mountains towards low part of the inclined plain of some plac- east-sea [11]. es in the Caspean side plain upper part. All The soil on the whole profile is car- the rivers feed the subsoil waters in the bonated and boils with severe chloride lowest parts. The subsoil waters feed the acid. M.R. Abduyev [2] noted that for the rivers in the mean upland and foothill zone [8]. gray-brown soils, it is strongly boiling wa- Samur-Absheron canal, Takhtakorpu ter from the surface, and this is due to the -Jeyranbatan canal, Atacay and Gilgilchay age of the soils. rivers are in the hydrangea network. Soils are carbonate. The carbonates The development of the maximum are evenly distributed. The content of gyp- river network was caused by the fall of sum is insignificant. In the upper horizons most atmospheric precipitation in the mid- it does not reach even 0,1 %. A small quan- dle mountainous regions of the river ba- tity of gypsum (0,44-0,86 %) is contained sins. Reduced river network density in in the lower horizons. Soil salinity is high higher mountainous areas (over 2500 m), (in deep-lying soil horizons dense residue low rainfall, weak vegetation, rocky zone, exceeds 1,2 %). Soils are characterized by low rainfall (less than 1000m), low levels high salinity. It is interesting to note that of rainfalls, loss of water to alluvial sedi- the number of absorbed Na is especially ments has a significant impactions.