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University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 77-17,080 BISHOP, Sarah Gilbert, 1941- THE LEONESE FEATURES IN THE MADRID MANUSCRIPT OF THE LIBRO DE ALEXANDRE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1977 Language, linguistics Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 0 Copyright by Sarah Gilbert Bishop 1977 THE LEONESE FEATURES IN THE MADRID MANUSCRIPT OF THE LIBRO DE ALEXANDRE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sarah Gilbert Bishop, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1977 Reading Committee: Approved By Prof. David A. Griffin Prof. Hans E. Keller Prof. Arist6bulo V. Pardo Department qj: Romance Languages and Literatures to Bill, Charley, Jack, Armand, Phil, Red, Vaughn and the other men in my life who insisted . ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am most appreciative of the assistance I received from a number of individuals. I am indebted to Profs. Dana A. Nelson of the University of Arizona and Raymond S. Willis of Princeton University for their encouragement and generosity. Prof. Nelson provided unrestricted access to his personal notes and spent many hours answering questions. Prof. Willis made the concordance to the Libro de Alexandre available to me and suggested the manner of presentation for Appendix B. 1 am grateful for the patience and concern my committee has shown during the preparation of this work. Most of all I thank my adviser, Prof. David A. Griffin, for uncounted hours of consultation and guidance over several years and many miles. I offer my deepest thanks to my husband and family for their love and understanding. iii VITA November 2, 1941 Born - Dover, New Jersey 1963 ........... B.A., College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 1963-1969 . Teaching Assistant, Department of Romance Languages, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1966 ........... M.A., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1968 . Lecturer, Department of Romance Languages, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1970-1972 .... Program Administrator, University of Albuquerque, Albuquerque, New Mexico 1972-1974 .... Research Planner, University of Albuquerque, Albuquerque, New Mexico FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Romance Linguistics Studies in Romance Linguistics. Professor David A. Griffin Studies in Spanish Linguistics. Professor David A. Griffin iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................... iii VITA ................................................ iv LIST OF T A B L E S .................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES.................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . ■........................ ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................... 1 II. PHONOLOGY.................................... 12 Tonic V o w e l s............................. 12 Atonic Vowels ........................... 20 Initial Consonants ....................... 34 Internal Consonants .................... 39 Sporadic Changes ......................... 56 Syntactic Phonetics ..... ......... 60 III. MORPHOLOGY................................. 66 Noun G e n d e r ............................. 66 Word Formation ........... 69 Numerals................................ 74 Pronouns................................ 74 V e r b s .................................. 82 Particles............................. 108 IV. SOME NOTES ON,SYNTAX...................... Ill Pronouns.................................. 112 V e r b s ............................... 114 V. VOCABULARY................................. 118 v TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page APPENDIX A. FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEONESE FEATURES IN O A L E X ........................... 144 B. SCRIBAL E R R O R S......................... .. 166 INDEX OF LEONESE W O R D S .............................. 174 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 19 7 vi LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Western Leonese Features of Staaff and OAlex . 146 2. Western Leonese Features of Staaff— Infrequent in O A l e x ........................................... 148 3. Western Leonese Features in OAlex— Infrequent in Staaff...................................... 152 4. Eastern Leonese Features in OAlex .............. 153 5. Distribution of Leonese Variants in OAlex . 157 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Bon/Buen ........... 158 2. Fu/Fue.......................................... 159 3. l d / b d .......................................... 160 4. Sixth Person Preterites ..................... 162 5. 163 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS acc. = accusative doc(s). = document(s) adj . = adjective ex(s). = example(s) adv. = adverb fern. = feminine Alex = Libro de Alexandre FLed = Fuero de Ledesma APal = Alonso Fernandez FZam = Fuero de Zamora de Palencia, Universal Voca- Gal. = Galician bulario en latin y en romance inf(s). = infinitive(s) Ar. = Arabic 1 . = line Ast. = Asturian Leon. = Leonese Bsa = Gonzalo de Berceo, masc. = masculine El Sacrificio de la misa Mirand. = Mirandes Bsl = Idem, Martirio de ms(s). = manuscript(s) San Lorenzo n.f. = feminine noun Cane . de n.m. = masculine noun Baena= Cancionero de Juan Alfonso de Baena nom. = nominative Cas t. = Castilian 0 = Madrid (Osuna) manuscript of Cat. = Catalan Alex cf. = confer OAlex = 0 ms. of Alex clas. = classical Oc. = Occitanic conj. = conj unction OCast. = old Castilian cons . : consonant OCat. = old Catalan def. OFr. = old French definite article art. ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS— Continued OGal. = old Galician prep. = preposition OPort. = old Portuguese pret. = preterite OSp. = old Spanish Span. = Spanish P = Paris manuscript v.i. = intransitive verb of Alex VOC = VOCABULARY PAlex = P ms . of Alex v. r. = reflexive verb Port . = Portuguese v.t. = transitive verb pp. = past participle x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 With the political decline of the Kingdom of Leon and the subsequent rise to hegemony of Castile, the once prestigious and widespread Leonese dialect became secondary to Castilian, the principal language of the Reconquest and of a growing literary tradition. The growth of Leonese, a conservative western dialect of old Spanish, was eclipsed by Castilian whose innovation broke the primitive union which had previously tied the Romance dialects of the west to those of the east. The 12th to the 16th centuries was the transition period during which the range of the early dialects was much reduced, and the political and literary domination of Castilian was accomplished. Despite the acceptance of this new literary dialect in western Spain, Leonese was still the popular language there during much of that period. 1.2 Because Leonese was short-lived as a literary language, there is not a large body of material from which a detailed description of the dialect may be made. Evidence for it is found in the old fueros, in notarial documents of ordinary business and legal transactions, and in a few literary works, including the Madrid or Osuna (0) manuscript of the Libro de Alexandre. Considering this limited documentation, the history of old Leonese has been fairly well described. In his study of the origins of Spanish, Menendez Pidal outlined the evolution of Leonese from its Vulgar Latin beginnings to its medieval development.^- Previously Gessner had presented aspects of old Leonese which he had found in the Libro de Alexandre, Fuero Juzgo, and a number of 2 3 notarial documents. Morel-Fatio discussed more of 4 the dialectal features in OAlex; Hanssen summarized 5 verb conjugations in Leonese and referred to other aspects of the western dialect in his historical grammar. Munthe and Menendez Pidal, though dealing principally ^Ramon Menendez Pidal, Orfgenes del espaBol, 4th ed. (Madrid;