2009 Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review of Substances and Methods Prepared by Joana F. Tavares-Reager AIS Research Specialist Division of Aquatic Resources Department of Lands and Natural Resources State of Hawai’i A project of the Hawai’i Aquatic Invasive Species LAS, funded by the 2006/2007 NOAA Coral Reef Management Grant Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review of Substances and Methods Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... vi Executive Summary .......................................................................................... vii Disclaimer ............................................................................................................... x List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................ xi Chapter I: Introduction...................................................................................... 1 Overview of the Aquatic Invasive Species Problem ................................................. 1 AIS in Hawai’i ............................................................................................................... 3 Managing AIS and Choosing Management Strategies ............................................. 4 Chemical Methods’ Advantages and Hazards ......................................................... 10 Pesticide Application and Containment Methods ................................................... 13 Regulatory and Legal Considerations ..................................................................... 17 Chapter II: Piscicides ........................................................................................ 34 USEPA-registered Piscicides ..................................................................... 35 Antimycin A ................................................................................................................ 36 Rotenone .................................................................................................................... 40 Selected Non-registered Piscicides ............................................................ 45 Ammonium compounds and derivatives ................................................................. 45 Chlorination ................................................................................................................ 48 Copper compounds and derivatives ........................................................................ 53 Lime compounds and derivatives ............................................................................ 56 Neem 61 Saponins ..................................................................................................................... 63 Fish Anesthetics (TMS and Clove oil derivatives) .................................................. 66 Comparative Analysis ................................................................................. 69 Chapter III: Aquatic Molluscicides/ Anti­fouling Pesticides ............... 75 USEPA-registered Aquatic Molluscicides ................................................... 76 Copper compounds and derivatives ........................................................................ 76 Niclosamide ................................................................................................................ 80 Selected Non-registered Aquatic Molluscicides/ Anti-fouling Pesticides .... 83 Acetic Acid (Vinegar) ................................................................................................. 83 Ammonium compounds and derivatives ................................................................. 88 Chlorination ................................................................................................................ 89 Iron phosphate ........................................................................................................... 91 ii Lime compounds and derivatives ............................................................................ 92 Neem and papaya extracts ........................................................................................ 94 Potassium permanganate ......................................................................................... 94 Saponins ..................................................................................................................... 95 Comparative Analysis ................................................................................. 99 Chapter IV: Aquatic Herbicides, Algaecides, Bactericides and Viruscides ......................................................................................................... 103 USEPA-registered Aquatic Herbicides and Algaecides ........................... 104 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) ................................................................. 104 Carfentrazone-ethyl ................................................................................................. 108 Copper compounds and derivatives ...................................................................... 110 Diquat 111 Endothall ................................................................................................................... 114 Erioglaucine/ tartrazine (AquashadeTM) ................................................................. 115 Fluridone ................................................................................................................... 117 Glyphosate ............................................................................................................... 120 Imazapyr ................................................................................................................... 125 Penoxsulan ............................................................................................................... 129 Triclopyr salt (TEA) .................................................................................................. 131 USEPA-registered Aquatic Algaecides, Bactericides and Viruscides ...... 134 Algaestats (Hydrogen peroxide) ............................................................................. 134 Selected Non-registered Aquatic Herbicides, Algaecides, Bactericides and Viruscides ................................................................................................. 137 Acetic Acid (Vinegar) ............................................................................................... 137 Acrolein ..................................................................................................................... 138 Ammonium compounds and derivatives ............................................................... 141 Barley Straw ............................................................................................................. 142 Chlorination .............................................................................................................. 143 Diuron 147 Glutaraldehyde ......................................................................................................... 148 Menadione (SeaKleen®) ........................................................................................... 150 Peracetic acid (Peraclean®) ..................................................................................... 153 Metsulfuron-methyl .................................................................................................. 155 Lime compounds and derivatives .......................................................................... 157 Phosphorus inactivation products ......................................................................... 158 Comparative analysis ............................................................................... 159 Chapter V: Other products that have been tested for AIS control . 166 Atrazine ..................................................................................................................... 166 Tavares-Reager, J.F. (2009) iii Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review of Substances and Methods Azinphos-methyl ...................................................................................................... 166 Benzene compounds ............................................................................................... 167 Carbaryl- organocarbamate pesticides.................................................................. 167 Carbon dioxide ......................................................................................................... 169 Chlordane ................................................................................................................. 169 Chlorothalonil ........................................................................................................... 170 Chlorpyrifos .............................................................................................................. 171 Croton seed powder ................................................................................................ 172 Dalapon ..................................................................................................................... 173 DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) .............................................................. 173 Dichlobenil ................................................................................................................ 174 Dieldrin/ Aldrin ........................................................................................................