Breakdown of Presidential Terms **colors represent the president’s party (correlates with presidents chart) Early America George Washington (1789-1797) - Judiciary Act 1789-> John Jay (first chief justice) - Political parties: Hamilton (Federalist) v. Jefferson (Demo. Rep.) - Indian Intercourse Act 1790 (regulate all trade w/ Indians & lands only via official treaties) - Bank of U.S. 1791 (part Hamilton’s Financial Plan) - Neutrality Proclamation 1793 - Whiskey Rebellion 1794 - Citizen Genet Affair (French Revolution) - Jay’s Treaty- Britain 1794 - Pinckney’s Treaty- Spanish (Mississippi) 1794 - Farewell Address John Adams (1797-1801) - XYZ Affair 1797 - Convention of 1800 - Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 -> Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions - Judiciary Act of 1801-> “midnight judges” -> Marbury v. Madison 1803 (judicial review) The Republic Thomas Jefferson (1801- 1809) - “Revolution of 1800” - Louisiana Purchase 1803 - Chesapeake Affair 1807; impressments - Embargo Act 1807 - Small navy James Madison (1809-1817) - Tecumseh and the Prophet (created Northwest Confederacy; posed threat of uprising) -> Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 - Non-Intercourse Act 1809- open trade to every country except Britain & France - Macon’s Bill No. 2 1810- trade to one that agrees to respect trading rights & restrict the other - War of 1812 (why: beat British-backed Indians & defend American shipping rights) - Treaty of Ghent 1814- peace but nothing else - Battle of New Orleans days after treaty (Jackson) -> increased support for war & gov. - Hartford Convention-> Federalist party died down as people supported war & Jackson - Renewed B.U.S. (2nd) 1816 - Tariff of 1816 (part of Henry Clay’s American System)- 1st protective tariff James Monroe (1817-1825) - “Era of Good Feelings” - Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817- demilitarize Great Lakes - Treaty of 1818- border US & Canada; jointly occupy Oregon Territory w/ Brit until 1828 - Monroe Doctrine 1823 (Adams’s idea) - Panic of 1819 o 2nd B.U.S. called in loans made to wildcat banks o Decline in agr. price - Tallmadge Amendment 1819- gradually free slave children & settlers cannot take anymore slaves into Missouri - Missouri Compromise 1820- admit Maine as free, Missouri as slave; 36 30 Rise of Mass Democracy John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) - Corrupt Bargain (Clay & Adams) Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) - era of “common man” - party-nominating convention (National Convention) instead of “Big Party” conventions - halt to American system - Universal male suffrage - 3rd party- Anti-Masonic (1832 election)- intro idea of party platforms - emergence of Whigs (oppose Jackson; liked Clay’s American System) - two-party system - expanded power of presidency-> vetoed bills personally don’t like - spoils system - Tariff of Abominations (1828) - Tariff of 1832- lowered - Nullification crisis 1832 (South Carolina) - Force Bill 1833- justify his use military to collect duties in S. Carolina - Compromise Tariff of 1833 - Bank War o re-charter bill 1832 (Webster & Clay scheme) o Jackson withdrew money -> “pet banks” 1833 - Specie Circular (req. “hard” money to purchase land)- afraid of overspeculatation of land due to closing of B.U.S. - Indian Removal Act 1830 o Black Hawk War 1832 o Seminole War (Florida) 1835-1842 o “Trial of Tears” (Cherokee, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles) Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) - Panic of 1837 (caused by Specie Circular-> run on banks) - Divorce Bill 1840- independent treasury William Henry Harrison (1841-1841) - Election of Wood Cabin & Hard Cider Manifest Destiny & Expansion John Tyler (1841-1845) - “wolf in sheep’s clothing” - vetoed recharter for B.U.S. - lower tariff - Aroostook War -> Webster-Aushburton Treaty (Maine-Canada border= Aroostook River) - Annexed Texas when Polk won - 1840s- 1850s: Irish & German immigrants -> Know Nothing party James Knox Polk (1845-1849) - Walker Tariff 1846- reduce 32% -> 25% - Oregon treaty w/ Brits 1846– 49th parallel - Restore independent treasury - Sent John Slidell to buy California for $25 (refused) - Mexican-American War 1846-1848 o “Spot” resolutions (Lincoln) o Zachary Taylor -> Rio Grande o Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848- Mexican Cession $15 mil - Seneca Falls Convention 1848 - Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 (block canal construction)- US & Brit cannot take over area w/o ea. other’s agreement Sectionalism Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) - Emergence of Free-Soilers - Wilmot Proviso 1846- free territory in all newly acquired territory (failed) - Oppose compromise Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) - Compromise of 1850 o Cali as free state o Popular sovereignty o DC abolish slave trade o Fugitive Slave Law (ended Whig) o TX gave up claims w of Rio Grande for $10 mil - (1852)- Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) - Gadsden Purchase 1853 (Railroad for South) - Ostend Manifesto 1954- threatened to steal Cuba (backed out) - Treaty of Kanagawa 1854- Commodore Matthew Perry - Kansas-Nebraska Act (Stephen Douglas) 1854 - Bleeding Kansas (Border Ruffians) - Pottawatomie Massacre – John Brown & followers- 5 proslavery murder - Charles Sumner 1856 – Preston Brooks James Buchanan (1857-1861) - Lecompton Constitution (proslavery gov. in Kansas) - Kansas entered as free 1861 - Dred Scott decision (Taney) 1957 - Lincoln-Douglas debates 1858 - Freeport Doctrine- only pop. sovereignty…power to the people - John Brown’s Raid 1859 (Harpers Ferry, VN) Civil War & Reconstruction Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) - S.C. secession, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, TX - Crittenden Compromise- rejected by Lincoln; last try for compromise (pop. sov. In west) - Fort Sumter April 12 1816 - Martial law in border states (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, W. Virginia) - Morrill Land-Grant College Act 1862 - Homestead Act 1862 - Legal Tender Act- stable national currency - National Banking Act- str. Banks - Naval blockade of southern ports - Suspension of writ of hebeas corpus in Maryland - 1863- conscription (draft) law – bail $300 -> riots - First Battle of Bull Run 1861- shattered Union hopes of fast battle - Battle of Shiloh 1862- shattered Conf. hopes for fast - Battle of Ironclads - naval (Monitor v Virginia) - Battle of Antietam (crucial Union victory)-> Emancipation Proclamation 1962 - Battle of Vicksburg & Gettysburg 1863 - National Union (War Democrats + Republicans) v. Copperheads (Peace Demo.) 1864 - Sherman march to sea 1864 - Hampton Roads peace conf. (didn’t work because Lincoln wanted unconditional surrender) - 1965 Appomattox Courthouse-surrender - Lincoln’s 10% plan - Radical Republicans’ Wade-Davis Bill(50%) – pocket veto - Assassinated 1965 by John Wilkes Booth Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) - Went along with Lincoln’s 10% …basically - 13th amendment 1965 - Vetoed Civil Rights Act 1866, 14th, Freedmen’s Bureau - 14th amendment 1868 (all former secessionist states have to ratify to be readmitted) - 15th amendment 1870 - “Swing around the Circle” speeches (unpopular; bashed everyone against him) -> congressional election 1866 (Republican) - Military Reconstruction Act 1867- 5 districts - Tenure of Office Act scheme 1867- Edwin M. Stanton; impeachment (did not work) - “New South”: Black Codes, sharecropping, KKK - purchase of Alaska 1867 (William Seward) Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) - Jim Fisk & Jay Gould- corner gold market 1869 - Credit Mobilier scandal 1872 - Whiskey Ring scandal 1874 - Emergence of Liberal Republicans (wanted small, limited gov.) - Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall (political machines) - Depression of 1873- bad loans & overspeculation of railroads & factories - Resumption Act 1875 to remove all paper money from econ.; restored credit rating & brought greenbacks up - Republicans split: Half-Breeds(James Blaine) & Stalwart (Roscoe Conkling; pro-spoils) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) - Tilden-Hayes standoff - Compromise of 1877- end of military reconstruction - Electoral Count Act 1877- special committee to recount ballots Gilded Age James Garfield (1881-1881) - Half-Breed -> Stalwart assassinated - Greenback Party- James Weaver Chester Arthur (1881-1885) - Pendleton Act 1833 -> Civil Service Commission Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) - Mugwumps- Republicans against Blaine & voted for Cleveland - Interstate Commerce Act 1887- Interstate Commerce Commission (attempt to regulate railroad rates) - Budget surplus Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) - Billion Dollar Congress (Republicans); Thomas Reed o Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890 o McKinley Tarff- raise to 50% o Dependent Pension Act- distribute money to aging Civil War veterans - Sherman Antitrust Act 1890- first used against unions - Emergence of Populist Party Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) - Depression of 1893 -> Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 (even though he promised to lower) - Gov. nearly bankrupt -> J.P. Morgan for loan - Repeal Sherman Silver Purchase Act - Coxey’s Army (demanded cheap money & debt-relief programs) 1894- arrested fir marching on grass @ capital - Rejected annexation of Hawaii Imperialism & the Progressive Era William McKinley (1897-1901) - William Jennings Bryan (silver)- Cross of Gold speech (last attempt to win election w/ rural) - Mark Hanna- financed McKinley campaign - Death of Populist movement - Dingley Tariff 1897- raised - Spanish-American War 1898 (“splendid little war”) o Yellow journalism- William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer o De Lome letter- Spanish denounced McKinley; published by Hearst o U.S.S. Maine explosion o Teller Amendment (Cuban independence) 1898 – withdrew troops1902 but Platt Amendment (permanent military base in Cuba;